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Bulletin  of  the   Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology 
AT    HARVARD    COLLEGE. 

VOL.  LII.     No.  17. 


THE    ECHINODEIIMS    OF    PERU. 


-  T.  J<1  NCAID 

6  S~ 


BY  HUIJERT  LYMAN;  CLAUK. 


WITH  FOURTEEN  PLATES. 


CAMBRIDGE,  MASS.,  U.S.A.: 
PRINTED    FOR    T~^E    MIJSEUM. 


OCTOREtt,    l.QJW. 


REPORTS  ON  THE  SCIENTIFIC  RESULTS  OF  THE  EXPEDITION  TO  THE  EAST- 
ERN TROPICAL  PACIFIC,  IN  CHARGE  OF  ALEXANDER  AGASSIZ,  BY  THE 
U.  S.  FISH-  COMMISSION  STEAMER  "  ALBATROSS,"  FROM  OCTOBER, 
1904,  TO  MARCH,  1905,  LIEUTENANT  COMMANDER  L.  M.  GARRETT, 
U.  S.  N.,  COMMANDING,  PUBLISHED  OR  IN  PREPARATION: — 


A.  AGASSIZ.  V.B  General  Report  on  the  Ex- 
pedition. 

A.  AGASSIZ.  I.1  Three  Letters  to  Geo.  M. 
Bowers,  U.  S.  Fish  Com. 

A.  AGASSIZ  and  H.  L.  CLARK.     The  Echini. 

H.  B.  BIGELOW.     XVI.16    The  Medusae. 

H.  B.  BIGELOW.     The  Siphonophores. 

R.  P.  BIGELOW.     The  Stomatopods. 

O.  CARLGREN.     The  Actinarians. 

S.  F.  CLARKE.     VIII.8    The  Hydroids. 

W.  R.  COE.     The  Nemerteans. 

L.  J.  COLE.     XIX.19    The  Pycnogonula. 

W.  H.  DALL.     XIV."     The  Mollusks. 

C.  R.  EASTMAN.     VII.7    The  Sharks'  Teeth. 

W.  G.  FARLOW.     The  Algae. 

S.  GARMAN.     XII.12    The  Reptiles. 

H.  J.  HANSEN.      The  Cirripeds. 

H.  J.  HANSEN.      The  Schizopods. 

S.  HENSHAW.     The  Insects. 

W.  E.  HOYLE.      The  Cephalopoda. 

W.  C.  KENDALL  and  L.  RADCLIFFE.  The 
Fishes. 

C.  A.  KOFOID.  III.3  IX.8  XX.20  The  Protozoa. 

P.  KRUMBACH.     The  Sagittae. 


R.  VON  LENDENFELD.   XXI. 21  The  Siliceous 

Sponges. 

H.  LUDWIG.     The  Holothuriaus. 
H.  LUDWIG.     The  Starfishes. 
H.  LUDWIG.     The  Ophiurans. 
G.  W.  MULLER.     The  Ostracods. 
JOHN    MURRAY    and    G.  V.   LEE.     XVII." 

The  Bottom  Specimens. 
MARY  J.    RATHBUN.     X.10     The   Crustacea 

Decapoda. 

HARRIET  RICHARDSON.    II.2  The  Isopods. 
W.  E.  RITTER.     IV.*    The  Tuuicates. 
ALICE  ROBERTSON.    The  Bryozoa. 
B.  L.  ROBINSON.     The  Plants. 
G.  O.  BARS.     The  Copepods. 
F.  E.  SCHULZE.    XI.11    The  Xenophyophoras. 
H.  R.  SIMROTH.     The  Pteropods  and  Hetero- 

pods. 

E.  C.  STARRS.     XIII.is    Atelaxia. 
TH.  STUDER.     The  Alcyonaria. 
JH.  THIELE.     XV.15    Bathysciadium. 
T.  W.  VAUGHAN.     VI.8    The  Corals. 
R.  WOLTERECK.    XVIII.18    The  Amphipods. 
W.  McM.  WOODWORTH.     The  Aunelid.8. 


Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  Vol.  XLVI.,  No.  4,  April,  1905,  22  pp. 
Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  Vol.  XLVI.,  No.  6,  July,  1905,  4  pp.,  1  pi. 
Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  Vol.  XLVI.,  No.  9,  September,  1905,  5  pp.,  1  pi- 
Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  Vol.  XLVI.,  No.  13,  January,  1906,  22  pp.,  3  pis. 
Mem.  M.  C.  Z.,  Vol.  XXXIII.,  January,  1906,  90  pp.,  96  pis. 
Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  Vol.  L.,  No.  3,  August,  1906,  14  pp.,  10  pis. 
Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  Vol.  L.,  No.  4,  November,  1906,  26  pp.,  4  pis. 
Mem.  M.  C.  Z.,  Vol.  XXXV.,  No.  1,  February,  1907,  20  pp.,  15  pis. 
Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  Vol.  L.,  No.  6,  February,  1907,  48  pp.,  18  pis. 
Mem.  M.  C.  Z  ,  Vol.  XXXV.,  No.  2,  August,  1907,  56  pp.,  9  pis. 
Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  Vol.  LI.,  No.  6,  November,  1907,  22  pp.,  1  pi. 
Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  Vol.  LIL,  No.  1,  June,  1908,  14  pp.,  1  pi. 
Bull.  M.  C.  Z  ,  Vol.  LIL,  No.  2,  July,  1908,  8  pp.,  5  pis. 
Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  Vol.  XLTIL,  No.  6,  October,  1908,  285  pp.,  22  pis. 
Bull.  M.  C.,Z.,  Vol.  LIL,  No.  5,  October,  1908,  11  pp.,  2  pis. 
Mem.  M.  C.  Z.,  Vol.  XXXVII.,  February,  1909,  243  pp.,  48  pis. 
Mem.  M.  C.  Z  ,  Vol.  XXXVIII.,  No.  1,  June,  1909,  172  pp.,  5  pis.,  3  maps. 
M  ;m   M.  C.  Z.,  Vol.  LIL,  No.  9,  June,  1909,  26  pp.,  8  pis. 
B-ill.  M.  C.  Z.,  Vol.  LIL,  No.  11,  August,  1909,  10  pp  ,  3  pis. 
Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  Vol.  LIL,  No.  13,  September,  1909,  48  pp.,  4  pis. 
Mem.  M.  C.  Z  ,  Vol.  XLL,  August,  September,  1910,  323  pp.,  5G  pis. 


Bulletin  of  the   Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology 
AT    HARVARD    COLLEGE. 

VOL.  LII.    No.  17. 


THE    ECHINODERMS    OF    PERU. 


BY  HUBERT  LYMAN  CLARK. 


WITH  FOURTEEN  PLATES. 


CAMBRIDGE,  MASS.,  U.S.A.: 
PRINTED    FOR    THE    MUSEUM. 

OCTOBER,  1910.    ?         , 

I 


\ 


No.  17.    2%e  Echinoderms  of  Peru.     By  HUBERT  LYMAN  CLARK. 

The  following  report,  prepared  at  the  request  of  the  Ministerio  de 
Fornento,  of  the  Peruvian  Government,  as  a  contribution  to  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  aquatic  resources  of  Peru,  is  for  use  in  connection  with 
marine  investigations  in  that  country,  though  the  needs  of  the  general 
zoologist  and  particularly  of  those  chiefly  interested  in  the  fishes  and  fish- 
eries of  Peru,  have  been  kept  in  mind.  The  keys  are  therefore  as  simple 
as  possible  and  are  based,  so  far  as  practicable,  on  obvious  external  char- 
acters ;  they  are  consequently  very  artificial.  The  report  is  based  pri- 
marily on  the  collection  of  echinoderms  made  by  Dr.  Robert  E.  Coker 
in  1907-08,  and  I  am  glad  to  express  my  thanks  to  him  for  the  oppor- 
tunity to  study  the  collectio^  and  for  the  use  of  his  field  notes  and 
other  data.  In  addition  to  the  species  found  in  this  collection  I  have 
included  all  the  echinoderms  actually  known  to  occur  south  of  the  equa- 
tor and  north  of  40°  S.  latitude,  and  which  may  therefore  be  reasonably 
expected  to  occur  on  the  coasts  of  Peru.  I  have  not  included  any  species 
described  from  such  indefinite  localities  as  "  west  coast  of  South  Amer- 
ica," "  Chile,"  "  Ecuador,"  or  "  west  coast  of  Colombia,"  unless  they 
have  since  been  recorded  from  the  given  coastal  area,  excepting  such 
rare  cases  as  Holothuria  chitensis,  where  the  genus  is  a  tropical  (or  sub- 
tropical) one  and  the  species  is  described  as  from  Chile.  The  collec- 
tion in  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology,  which  contains  many  South 
American  species,  a  large  number  of  which  were  brought  home  by  the 
"Hassler"  expedition,  has  been  of  great  assistance.  In  it  were  found 
two  new  starfishes. 

The  Peruvian  echinoderm  fauna  is  not  a  rich  one.  There  are  no  crinoids 
known  from  the  region,  and  only  seven  holothurians  and  ten  ophiurans. 
The  echini  are  represented  by  a  dozen  species,  and  the  starfishes  by 
twice  that  number.  Clearly  the  starfishes  are  the  predominating  fea- 
ture, and  this  would  be  even  more  striking  if  the  numerous  species  de- 
scribed from  Ecuador  and  Colombia,  some  of  which  may  ultimately  be 
found  on  the  northern  coast  of  Peru,  were  included.  It  is  interesting  to 
note  that  the  Peruvian  marine  fauna  is  made  up  of  two  quite  different 
elements,  that  from  the  Panamic  region  £hd  that  from  the  Chilean.  The 
latter  furnishes  all  of  the  echinoderms  found*  south  of  Aguja  Point, 


- 


322  BULLETIN  :    MUSEUM   OF    COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY. 

6°  S.  lat.j  while  the  Panamic  fauna  is  practically  confined  to  the 
shores  north  of  that  point.  In  spite  of  its  low  latitude  the  coast  of  Peru 
south  of  Aguja  Point  is  far  from  tropical,  and  the  marine  life  is  dis- 
tinctly that  of  temperate  seas,  owing  to  the  great  Humboldt  or  Peruvian 
current,  which  brings  the  cold  waters  of  the  antarctic  region  down  nearly 
to  the  equator.1 

Of  the  fifty-four  echinoderms  included  in  this  report,  twenty-one  are 
found  only  on  the  less  than  two  hundred  miles  of  coast  north  of  Aguja 
Point,  while  of  the  remaining  thirty-three  species  only  about  a  dozen 
really  characterize  the  succeeding  shore  line  of  over  twelve  hundred 
miles.  Some  fifteen  species  occur  both  north  and  south  of  Aguja  Point, 
while  the  range  of  at  least  half  a  dozen  species  is  practically  unknown. 
A  more  detailed  analysis  of  the  fauna  brings  out  some  of  its  most  inter- 
esting features  and  reveals  the  striking  contrast  between  its  two  com- 
ponents. North  of  Agnja  Point  the  following  twenty-two  species  have 
been  taken,  none  of  which  has  yet  been  recorded  from  far  south  of  there. 
Those  marked  *  are  in  the  Coker  collection. 

*Astropecten  erinaceus  *0phiothrix  magnifica 
fragilis  spiculata 

peruvian us  Gorgonocephalus  panamensis 

*Luidia  Columbia  Arbacia  stellata 
Nidorellia  armata  Echinornetra  van  brunti 

Oreaster  occidentalis  *Encope  micropora 
Paulia  horrida  Mellita  pacifica 

Phataria  unifascialis  *  stokesii 

Ophioderma  panamensis  Lovenia  cordiformis 

Amphiodia  grisea  *Agassizia  scrobiculata 

Hemipholis  gracilis  *Thyone  gibber 

Three  of  these  species  (Astropeden  peruvianus,  Amphiodia  grisea, 
Ophiothrix  magnifica)  seem  to  have  a  very  restricted  range,  as  they  are 
not  known  from  north  of  the  equator,  but  the  remaining  nineteen  species 
are  distinctly  Panamic.  To  these  nineteen  should  be  added  Pharia 
pyramidata,  the  occurrence  of  which  south  of  Aguja  Point  is  open  to 
very  serious  question,  and  the  single  specimen  of  Mithrodia  bradleyi, 
labeled  "Arica,"  is  not  sufficient  proof  of  its  occurrence  south  of  the 
Panamic  region.  The  new  Luidia  phragma  probably  belongs  in  this 

1  For  an  account  of  the  characteristics  of  the  Peruvian  coast  see  Coker,  Bull. 
Bureau  of  Fisheries,  1910,  28,  pp.  335-340. 

-  ^  . 


CLARK  :  THE  ECHINODEKMS  OF  PERU.  323 

group  also,  but  the  exact  point  on  the  South  American  coast  where  it 
was  taken  is  not  known.  The  Panamic  element  in  the  Peruvian  fauna, 
therefore,  contains  twenty-five  species,  but  many  of  these  must  be  of 
irregular  or  rare  occurrence,  since  only  nine  are  in  the  Coker  collection. 
South  of  Aguja  Point  twenty-six  species  have  been  taken.1  Of 
these,  two  (Luidia  bellon&e  and  Stichopus  fuscus)  have  a  remarkable 
range,  extending  from  the  Gulf  of  California  to  Chile  and  (in  the  case 
of  Stichopus)  even  to  Patagonia.  Another  (Heliaster  polybrachius)  is 
known  only  from  the  Peruvian  coast  in  the  vicinity  of  Aguja  Point 
(say  3°  30'  -  7°  30'  S.  lat.)  and  certainly  cannot  be  classed  with  the 
Chilean  f  uina.  The  little  ophiuran  taken  by  Coker  near  San  Lorenzo 
Island,  off  Callao,  is  apparently  Amphipholis  pug 'etana,  a  North  American 
species  ;  it  is  certainly  not  A.  laevidisca,  known  from  Chile;  the  genus 
is  cosmopolitan,  and  some  excellent  authorities  consider  that  A.  squa- 
mata  is  equally  wide-ranging,  and  they  would  doubtless  refer  these  Peru- 
vian specimens  to  it.  Deducting  these  four  species,  there  are  twenty-two 
which  may  fairly  be  referred  to  the  Chilean  fauna.  Of  these,  the  follow- 
ing eight  have  been  reported  from  north  of  Aguja  Point : 

Asterina  chilensis  Tetrapygus  niger 

Stichaster  aurantiacus  Arbacia  spatuligera 

Heliaster  helianthus  Strongylocentrotus  gibbosus 

Ophiactis  kroyeri  Phyllophorus  peruvianus 

These  species  are  all  in  the  Coker  collection,  but  the  specimens  of 
Phyllophorus  were  not  taken  north  of  9°  S.  lat.  Of  the  remaining 
fourteen  species  supposed  to  occur  along  the  southern  shores  of  Peru, 
only  Strongylocentrotus  albus  was  taken  by  Dr.  Coker  : 

Tosia  verrucosa  Asterias  gelatinosa 

Odontaster  singularis  Amphipholis  laevidiscus 

Asterina  calcarata  Amphiodia  chilensis 

Parasterina  obesa  Podophora  pedifera 

Echinaster  cribella  Strongylocentrotus  albus 

cylindricus  Cticumaria  leonina 
Henricia  hyadesi  godeffroyi 

1  The  exact  localities  where  Of>hidiaster  lu^wigi,  recorded  from  "Perou,"  Holo- 
thnria  chilensis  from  "  Chile,"  and  Colochirus  peruanus  from  "Peru,"  were  taken  are 
unknown,  and  they  are  omitted  from  this  discussion. 

£  *  **> 


H 


324  BULLETIN  :    MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY. 

The'Tosia,  Asterina,  Parasterina,  both  species  of  Echinaster,  and  the 
Amphipholis  are  known  only  from  the  original  specimens  (all  but  one  of 
which  were  from  Chile)  and  have  not  been  met  with  by  other  collectors* 
The  Odontaster  and  Henricia  are  species  of  the  far  south  and  are  in- 
cluded in  this  list  only  because  each  has  been  reported  once  from  north- 
ern Chile,  near  Iquique ;  their  occurrence  on  the  Peruvian  coast  is  quite 
unlikely.  The  Asterias  and  Amphiodia  and  both  Cucumarias  are  Chi- 
lean species,  which  very  probably  occur,  at  least  occasionally,  in  Peruvian 
waters.  Although  there  are  specimens  of  Podophora  in  the  M.  C.  Z.  col- 
lection labeled  as  from  "Valparaiso"  and  "Callao,"  it  seems  extremely 
improbable  that  these  specimens  were  actually  collected  in  South  Amer- 
ica, for  the  genus  is  a  highly  specialized  one,  characteristic  of  the  Indo- 
Pacific  region,  and  it  could  hardly  have  escaped  the  notice  of  such 
collectors  as  Plate  and  Coker,  if  it  occurred  on  the  coasts  of  either  Chile 
or  Peru  at  the  present  day.  It  is  clear,  then,  that  the  known  Chilean 
element  in  the  Peruvian  fauna  is  very  small,  and  all  of  the  species  which 
undoubtedly  occur  were  taken  by  Dr.  Coker,  except  an  Echinaster  and 
a  Cucumaria.  x South  of  Aguja  Point,  then,  one  may  expect  to  find,  in 
suitable  places,  four  species  of  starfish  (Luidia  bellonae,  Asterina  chi- 
lensis,  Stichaster  aurantiacus,  Heliaster  heliantkus),  one  ophiuran  (Opliiac- 
tis  kroyeri),  four  sea-urchins  (Tetrapygus  niger,  Arbacia  spatuligera, 
Strongylocentrotus  albus,  S.  gibbosus),  and  one  holothurian  (PTiyllophorm 
peruvianus).  North  of  Aguja  Point,  however,  one  finds  a  much  more 
varied  fauna  and  may  reasonably  expect  ten  or  more  species  of  starfishes, 
(three  species  of  Astropecten,  two  or  three  of  Luidia,  Nidorellia,  Oreas- 
ter,  Paulia,  Phataria,  Pharia,  Asterina,  at  least  one  Heliaster,  and,  possi- 
bly, Stichaster),  several  ophiurans  (Ophioderma,  Ophiactis,  Amphipholis 
or  Amphiodia,  possibly  Hemipholis,  and  two  forms  of  Ophiothrix),  eight 
or  ten  sea-urchins  (Tetrapygus,  one  or  two  species  of  Arbacia,  Echino- 
metra,  Strongylocentrotus  gibbosus,  Encope,  one  or  two  Mellitas,  Agassizia, 
and  perhaps  Lovenia),  and  one  or  more  holothurians  (Thyone,  Phyl- 
lophorus,  or  Stichopus). 

Starfishes.    Asteroidea. 

The  starfishes  comprise  riot  only  almost  one  half  of  all  the  echino- 
clerms  known  from  the  Peruvian  region,  but  also  the  great  majority  of 
the  conspicuous  or  structurally  interesting  forms.  More  than  half  are 
large  species,  reaching  a  diameter  of  over  five  inches,  and  several  rank 
among  the  largest  known  starfishes.  The  twenty-five  species  represent 


r 


CLARK :    THE    ECHINODERMS    OF   PERU.  325 

eighteen  genera,  of  which  five  are  known  only  from  the  west  coast  of 
Central  and  South  America.  Ten  of  the  species  are  not  known  outside 
of  the  region  included  in  this  report,  while  eleven  others  are  well-known 
Panainic  species.  There  can  be  little  question  that  most  of  the  starfishes 
came  to  the  Peruvian  coast  from  the  north.  We  know  too  little  about 
Tosia  verrucosa  and  Parasterina  obesa  to  be  positive  as  to  their  origin,  but 
they  probably  came  from  the  south.  The  two  species  of  Asterina  may 
have  come  from  the  south,  but  it  is  quite  as  possible  that  they  are  of 
northern  stock.  Odontaster  is  unquestionably  a  southern  genus  and 
Henricia  liyadesi  certainly  came  up  from  the  south.  The  south  also 
may  be  considered  the  home  of  Asterias  gelatinosa,  which  has  hardly 
reached  the  Peruvian  coast  yet,  and  while  there  is  lack  of  definite  evi- 
dence bearing  on  the  point,  Stichaster  aurantiacus  may  be  considered  as 
an  immigrant  from  the  south.  But  with  these  exceptions  the  starfishes 
of  the  Peruvian  coast  are  undoubtedly  of  northern  (Panarnic)  origin. 

In  discussing  the  characteristic  features  of  starfishes,  a  few  terms  require  a  word 
of  explanation.  In  many  species  the  dorsal  skeletal  plates  develop  vertical,  table- 
like outgrowths,  called  paxillae;  the  tops  (tabulae)  of  these  paxillae  are  square, 
oblong,  polygonal  or  more  or  less  circular,  and  are  usually  so  crowded  as  to  form 
a  second  covering  to  the  dorsal  surface  of  the  animal,  between  which  and  the  true 
surface  there  is  a  more  or  less  considerable  space,  traversed  vertically  by  the 
columns  or  stalks  of  the  paxillae ;  the  tabulae  bear  spinelets  or  granules  along 
their  margins  and  on  the  free  upper  surface,  and  sometimes  the  central  spinelet 
may  develop  into  a  conspicuous  spine.  The  sides  of  the  rays  in  many  starfishes 
are  defined  by  an  upper  and  lower  series  of  plates,  the  supero-  and  infero-marginals  ; 
in  some  starfishes  the  marginal  plates  are  very  large  and  conspicuous  even  in  the 
inter  bra chial  areas  (i.  e.,  the  space  on  the  body  between  the  bases  of  adjoining 
rays),  while  in  others  they  are  small  and  inconspicuous,  and  in  the  most  highly 
specialized  forms  they  are  completely  hidden  and  indistinguishable ;  in  Luidia  the 
superomarginals  appear  to  be  wanting,  but  the  inferomarginals  are  fairly  conspicu- 
ous. In  most  starfishes  which  lack  paxillae,  minute,  finger-like  papillae  project 
between  the  plates  of  the  dorsal  skeleton ;  these  are  probably  respiratory  organs 
and  are  known  as  papulae  ;  the  papulae  are  often  single,  but  are  usually  grouped 
in  the  areas  between  the  skeletal  plates,  and  these  are  then  referred  to  as  papular 
areas.  The  madreporic  plate  is  usually  conspicuous  on  the  dorsal  side  in  an  inter- 
bracliial  area,  but  in  species  having  paxillae  it  is  often  hard  to  find.  The  sides  of 
the  furrow,  on  the  under  side  of  each  ray,  in  which  the  tube-feet  are  located,  are 
guarded  by  a  series  of  plates,  each  of  which  carries  a  row  or  group  of  spines ;  the 
plates  are  called  the  adambulacral  plates  and  the  spines  make  up  the  adambulacral 
armature.  In  describing  starfishes,  it  is  customary,  for  brevity's  sake,  to  let  R 
stand  for  the  major  radius,  «.  e.,  from  the  center  of  til  e  mouth  to  the  tip  of  a  ray, 


nr 

: 


326  BULLETIN:    MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY. 

and  r  stand  tor  the  minor  radius,  i.  e.  from  the  center  of  the  mouth  to  the  middle 
of  an  interbrachial  margin ;  in  a  perfectly  circular  starfish,  we  would  say,  R  =  r  ; 
in  an  ordinary  pentagonal  starfish  R  =  r  +,  while  in  a  starfish  with  long  rays 
R  =  6r,  more  or  less. 

Key  to  the  Starfishes  of  the  Peruvian  Coast. 

Upper  surface  covered  with  paxillae;  general  form  decidedly  flattened; 
inferomarginal  plates  with  long  spines  forming  a  conspicuous  lateral 
fringe  along  the  ray. 

Superomarginal  plates  conspicuous  in  contrast  to  paxillae  (Astropecten) . 
Superomarginal  plates,  each  with  one   or  two  prominent  vertical 

spinelets. 

Superomarginal  plates  at  base  of  ray  (but  not  in  interbrachial  area) 
with  two  spinelets  each,  one  on  inner  edge  and  one  near  outer 

margin A.  erinaceus 

Superomarginal  plates  with  only  a  single  spinelet  each,  except  that 

a  few  near  tip  of  ray  may  carry  a  second  small  one        .     .     A.  peruvianus 
Superomarginal  plates  without  spinelets  ;  some  of  those  near  base  of 

ray  may  carry,  each,  a  small  rounded  tubercle A.fragilis 

Superomarginal  plates  reduced  and  not  readily  distinguishable  be- 
neath paxillae  (Luidia). 
Each  paxilla  in  third  longitudinal  series  at  side  of  ray  carries,  except 

near  tip  of  ray,  a  long  slender  spine L.  phragma 

None  of  the  paxillae  carry  long  and  slender  spines. 

Inferomarginal  plates,  each  with  a  longitudinal  (transverse  to  long 
axis  of  ray)  series  of  4-6  flattened,  usually  blunt  or  truncate 
spines;  many  paxillae  have  central  spinelet  enlarged  into  a  blunt 

elevated  tubercle  or  sharp,  stout  spine L.  bellonae 

Inferomarginal  plates,  each  with  2  or  3  long,  sharp  spines;  no 
paxillae  (except  occasionally  some  along  sides  of  ray)  with  large 

central  tubercle  or  spinelet L.  Columbia 

Upper  surface  without  paxillae;   sides  of  ray  without  lateral  fringe  of 

slender  inferomarginal  spines. 

Tube-feet  in  two  series  in  each  ambulacrum ;  rays  normally  five. 
Disc  large  and  rays  short;  form  often  pentagonal;   R  never  more 

than  2.5r. 
Marginal  plates  conspicuous,  forming  a  definite  boundary  to  the 

more  or  less  pentagonal  body. 
Marginal  plates  and  disc  free  from  large~spines. 

Superomarginal  plates  19-20  on  each  side  of  each  ray  (in  speci- 
men 75  mm.  across),  covered  by  a  close  pavement  of  crowded 

granules Tosia  verrucosa 

Superomarginal  plates  15-16  on  side  of  ray  (in  specimen  75  mm. 
across),  covered  by  a  coat  of  distinct  granules  coarser  than 

those  of  disc Odontaster  singularis 

Some  marginal  or  disc  plates  or  both,  carry  large  spines  Nidorellia  armata 


r 


CLARK:   THE  ECHINODERMS  OF  PERU.  327 

Marginal   plates   more   or   less   concealed  not  forming  a   definite 

boundary  to  a  pentagonal  body. 
Large  species  (R  up  to  150  mm.)  with  dorsal  surface  carrying 

numerous  big  sharp  tubercles  or  spines  or  both. 
Dorsal  surface  elevated,  with  coarse  tubercles,  granulated  at 

base Oreaster  occidentalis 

Dorsal  surface  flat,  with  numerous,  erect,  smooth,  very  stout 

spines Paulia  horrida 

Small  species  (R  seldom  exceeds  25  mm.)  with  dorsal  surface, 

entirely  free  from  conspicuous  spines  or  tubercles  (Asterina). 

Plates    of    ventral    interbrachial    areas    with    only    1    spine 

each A.  calcarata 

Plates    of    ventral    interbrachial    areas     with    2-6     spines 

each A.  chilensis 

Disc  small  or  moderate,  R  more  than  3r  and  usually  more  than  4r. 
Rays  short  and  thick,  about  equal  to  3r  covered,  as  is  the  disc 
by  groups  of  crowded  blunt  spinelets,  simulating  low  paxillae. 

Parasterina  obesa 
Rays  longer,  4-1  Or. 

Disc  and  rays  closely  covered  with  a  nearly  smooth,  granulated 
coat,  without  projecting  spines,   except  beside  ambulacral 
furrows. 
Papular  areas   arranged  in   a  single    (rarely   double)   broad 

series  along  each  side  of  ray Pkataria  unifasclalis 

Papular  areas  arranged  in  eight  series  on  each  ray. 

Madreporic  plate  very  large,  its  diameter  .25  or  more  of  disc 
diameter ;  rays  somewhat  trigonal ;  inner  series  of  adam- 
bulacral  armature  made  up  of  approximately  equal  and 

similar  spines Pharia  pyramidata 

Madreporic  plate  much  smaller ;  rays  more  or  less  cylindri- 
cal; inner  series  of  adambulacral  armature   made  up  of 

alternating  large  and  small  spines Ophidiaster  ludwigi 

Disc  and  rays  bearing  spines  or  spinelets,  sometimes  minute  and 

crowded. 
Spines  and  spinelets  large,  unequal  and  irregularly  scattered, 

blunt,  covered  to  tip  with  scale-like  granules    .     .     Miihrodia  bradleyi 
Spines  and  spinelets  bare,  often  small  or  even  minute. 
Spinelets  very  minute,  in  more  or  less  crowded  groups   on 

dorsal  plates Henricia  hyadesi 

Spines  well  developed,  arranged  singly  on  dorsal  plates  (Echinaster). 
Dorsal  spines  rather  crowded,  in  irregular  rows  .     .     .      E,  cribella 

Dorsal  spines  irregularly  scattered E.  cylindricus 

Tube-feet  in  four,  more  or  less  distinct  series  in  each  ambulacrum. 
Rays  few,  never  more  than  eight. 

Rays  5,  with  about  11  longitudinal,  abactinal  series  of  groups  of 

closely  crowded  granule-like  spinelets Stichaster  aurantiacus 

Rays  normally  6,  rarely  5  or  7,  with  5  longitudinal  series  of  large, 

widely  separated,  abactinal  spines       .     .     .JU     .     .     .     Asterias  gelatinosa 


328  BULLETIN:    MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY. 

Kays  numerous,  up  to  forty-three  (Heliaster). 

Kays  very  short,  free  from  each  other  for  only  .15-.20  of  length 

H.  polybrachius 
Rays  longer,  free  from  each  other  .30-.40  of  length     ....//.  helianthus 


Astropecten  erinaceus. 

J.  E.  Gray,  1840.    Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  6,  p.  182. 

Plate  1,  figure  1. 

Nothing  is  said  by  Gray  as  to  either  the  size  or  color  of  this  species.  The  larg- 
est specimens  I  have  seen  have  the  rays  about  85  mm.  long,  but  those  taken  by 
Coker  do  not  exceed  R  —  75  mm.  Most  dry  specimens  are  dull  yellowish,  more 
or  less  dusky  above,  while  the  best  preserved  specimens  in  the  Coker  collection 
are  uniformly  deep  reddish  fawn  color.  But  in  life  the  coloration  must  be  much 
handsomer,  for  Coker' s  field  notes  show  that  the  specimens  taken  at  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Tumbes  were  "  dorsally  blue,  except  that  the  spines  which  margin  the 
lower  angles  of  arms  are  orange  color  in  their  dorsal  aspect,"  while  of  the  speci- 
mens taken  at  Capon  it  is  said:  "Under  side  white  in  small  specimens,  tinted 
orange  in  larger  ones ;  bluish  at  tips  of  arms  ;  above  deep  blue  ;  the  spines  orange, 
those  margining  the  arms  are  bright  orange,  while  the  dorsal  spines  are  of  a 
duller  shade."  The  change  from  this  bright  coloration  to  the  uniform  reddish  fawn 
color  of  the  preserved  specimens  is  very  remarkable,  but  is  of  course  due  to  the 
preserving  fluids.  These  specimens  were  "  first  preserved  in  native  spirits  and 
subsequently  transferred  to  formalin  solution"  (3-5^,  solution  in  sea- water). 
Such  a  marked  change  of  color  shows  how  little  dependence  can  be  placed  on  the 
color  of  preserved  specimens  not  accompanied  by  field  notes. 

This  is  a  Panamic  species,  ranging  from  about  25°  N.  to  3°  30'  S.  lat.  It 
was  first  collected  by  Cuming  at  St.  Elena  on  the  coast  of  Ecuador,  about  2° 
S.  lat.,  on  a  bottom  of  sandy  mud  in  six  fathoms  of  water.  There  are  specimens 
in  the  M.  C.  Z.  collection  from  Lower  California  and  the  Gulf  of  California. 
Coker  took  three  specimens  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Tumbes  and  found  the  spe- 
cies abundant  at  Capon.  Regarding  its  occurrence  at  Capon  he  says:  "The 
water  here  is  very  quiet,  and  as  the  tide  recedes  most  of  these  starfishes  .  .  . 
slip  away  in  the  water,  leaving,  however,  a  very  distinct  impression  of  the  form  in 
the  mud;  so  that  when  the  mud-flat  is  exposed  one  may  see  in  abundance  the 
impressions  of  these  starfishes,  but  without  either  the  animals  or  any  mark  of  their 
departure."  It  is  probable  that  Dr.  'Coker  is  mistaken  in  supposing  the  starfishes 
to  have  slipped  away  in  the  water.  Verrill  (1901,  p.  36)  speaks  of  similar  im- 
pressions made  by  Luidia,  and  he  is  satisfied,  as  he  has  himself  told  me,  that  the 
impression  of  the  starfish  in  the  sand  is  made  over  (not  under)  the  starfish,  and  is 
caused  by  ciliary  currents  of  water  among  the  paxillae  and  marginal  plates  of  the 
dorsal  surface.  If  undisturbed,  the  starfish  may  by  a  sudden  quick  movement  be 
captured  in  situ,  but  if  disturbed  by  the  approach  of  the  collector,  the  animal 
moves  away  rapidly  beneath  the  surface  of  the  sand,  leaving  the  impression  in  the 


If 


CLARK:  THE  ECHINODERMS  OF  PERU.        329 

sand  undisturbed,     Such  habits  indicate  unusual  activity  for  an  echinoderm  and 
deserve  detailed  and  very  careful  observation  and  study. 

Astropecten  peruvianus. 
A.  E.  Verrill,  1867.    Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  1,  p.  275. 

This  species  is  very  similar  to  erinaceus  in  size  and  general  appearance.  Ver- 
rill does  not  refer  to  the  color  and,  unfortunately,  neither  do  Coker's  field  notes. 
The  dry  specimens  are  dull  yellow  above  and  nearly  white  beneath,  with  the  madre- 
poric  plate  orange.  Verrill's  specimens  and  Coker's  also  are  from  Payta,  so  there 
is  no  clue  as  to  the  range  of  the  species.  Coker  took  a  dozen  specimens  "with 
boat-beam  trawl,  southeast  of  Caleta,  Colon,  Bay  of  Payta,  7-8  fms.,  soft  mud, 
April  13,"  1907.  Though  occurring  in  so  much  deeper  water  than  erinaceus, 
there  is  no  reason  for  expecting  any  difference  in  the  habits  of  these  species.  I 
fully  agree  with  Verrill  that  it  is  impossible  to  determine  whether  Gray's  stellatus 
is  this  species  or  not. 

Astropecten  fragilis. 
A.  E.  Verrill,  1867.     Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  1,  p.  272. 

So  far  as  I  can  learn  this  species  has  not  been  recorded  since  the  original  de- 
scription was  published.  Verrill  says  nothing  of  the  coloration,  but  gives  the 
following  measurements  :  R  -  58  mm.,  r  =  12.5  mm. ;  breadth  of  ray  at  base, 
15  mm.  (the  measurements  are  given  by  Verrill  in  inches  and  tenths).  The  only 
known  specimens  are  from  Panama  and  Zorritos,  Peru. 

Luidia  phragma,  sp.  nov.1 

Plate  2,  figure  1. 

Rays  5.  R  =  73  mm.,  r  =  12  mm.,  R  =  6r.  Interbrachial  arcs  acute.  Rays 
very  flat,  tapering  gradually  to  a  point.  Breadth  at  base,  14  mm.  Disc  moderate, 
flat ;  vertical  diameter  only  about  7  mm.  Paxillae  of  disc  and  median  portion  of 
rays  small  (.5-1  mm.  in  diameter  of  tabulae),  irregularly  circular,  becoming 
squarish  at  sides  of  rays.  Each  paxilla  has  a  dozen  or  more  very  slender,  margi- 
nal spines,  above  which  are  half  a  dozen  or  more  stouter  ones,  while  the  center  of 
the  tabula  is  occupied  by  1-4  short,  thick,  blunt  spinelets.  Along  eacli  side  of 
the  ray  are  three  longitudinal  series  of  larger  paxillae  (1-1.25  mm.  across),  similar 
to  the  others,  but  more  nearly  rectangular.  Innermost  of  these  three  rows,  very 
conspicuous,  each  paxilla  carrying,  at  center  of  tabula,  a  single,  slender,  sharp 
spine,  2-3  mm.  long.  These  conspicuous  spines  form  a  fence  or  "palisade" 
along  each  side  of  ray  about  three  millimeters  from  inferomarginal  edge.  Infe.ro- 
marginal  plates,  with  similar,  though  slightly  larger  spines ;  there  are  two  to  each 
plate,  one  above  the  other ;  the  marginal  fringe  is  thus  very  conspicuous.  Seen 

1  <t>pdyij.a,  a  palisade,  in  reference  to  the  palisade-like  series  of  spines  along  the 
sides  of  the  rays.  -  ^ 


330    BULLETIN:  MUSEUM  OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY. 

from  below  the  iuferomarginal  plates  are  well  separated  from  each  other ;  they 
have  a  marginal  fringe  of  slender  spinelets  like  those  of  the  paxillae  ;  the  surface 
of  the  plate  carries  half  a  dozen  flat,  pointed  spines,  1-2  mm.  long,  with  a  number 
of  other  smaller  ones.  Adambulacral  armature  of  3-4  spines  in  a  single  series,  at 
right  angles  to  furrow ;  innermost,  smallest,  sharp  and  slightly  curved  ;  the  next 
is  largest,  3  mm.  long,  straight  (or  nearly  so)  and  blunt.  Oral  plates  each  with 
4-6  spines,  clustered  at  ^),  and  a  similar  number  of  variable  size  scattered  on  sur- 
face. Madreporic  plate  small,  lying  between  the  two  terminal  paxillae  of  the 
"  palisade "  series  of  two  adjoining  rays.  Color  (dry)  :  disc  and  median  area 
of  rays  pale  gray  with  a  yellowish  tinge ;  paxillae  outside  of  "  palisade  "  series,  all 
spines  and  entire  lower  surface  more  or  less  nearly  white ;  there  are  several 
indistinct  blotches  of  a  darker  gray  on  upper  surface  of  rays. 

The  specimen  described  above  and  two  others  are  in  the  M.  C.  Z.  collection, 
labeled  "Chile  or  Sandwich  Islands."  As  they  were  presented  by  Dr.  W.  H. 
Jones,  U.  S.  N.,  in  April,  1874,  and  as  most  of  the  specimens  received  from  him 
at  that  time  were  from  Chile  and  Peru,  these  Luidias  are  doubtless  from  the  same 
locality.  This  probability  is  rendered  almost  a  certainty  by  the  fact  that  the 
M.  C.  Z.  collection  contains  14  specimens  of  what  appears  to  be  the  same  species, 
from  the  Gulf  of  California,  collected  by  W.  J.  Fisher.  They  are  dry  and  in 
mediocre  or  poor  condition,  and  range  in  size  from  K  —  32  to  R  =  108  mm.  In 
color  they  are  all  dirty  yellowish,  blotched  above  with  blackish.  Tew  of  them  have 
the  "  palisades  "  as  perfectly  developed  as  in  the  type,  but  it  is  evident  in  every 
specimen,  even  the  smallest.  It  would  seem,  then,  that  phragma  is  a  Panamic 
species,  and  it  is  most  likely  that  Dr.  Jones's  specimens  were  collected  at  Payta, 
Peru.  No  species  nearly  allied  is  known  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands. 

Luidia  bellonae. 
C.  F.  Ltitken,  1865.    Vid.  Med.  f.  1864,  p.  133. 

This  species  reaches,  under  favorable  conditions,  a  much  larger  size  than  has 
been  recorded.  Lutken's  types  were  8  and  12  inches  in  diameter  respectively, 
which  would  indicate  R  =  110-160  mm.  Meissner  (1896)  has  recorded  specimens 
from  R  =  23.5  to  11=  232  mm.,  the  last  being  the  largest  specimen  known 
hitherto.  But  in  the  M.  C.  Z.  collection  there  is  a  specimen  from  Talcahuano, 
Chile,  in  which  E,  =  250  mm.  and  the  rays  are  45  mm.  wide  at  base.  Clearly, 
then,  bellonae  is  one  of  the  largest  starfishes  known  on  the  west  coast  of  tropical 
America.  The  color  of  dry  specimens  is  like  that  of  many  Luidias,  gray  above, 
deepest  along  the  middle  of  each  ray,  and  with  more  or  less  of  a  bluish  cast, 
and  white  or  cream  color  beneath.  Dr.  Coker's  notes  refer  to  the  color  of  the 
living  animal  as  simply  "gray."  This  species  has  a  wide  distribution,  for  while 
Lutken's  types  (one  of  them,  at  least)  were  from  Guayaquil,  Verrill  (1867) 
has  recorded  the  species  from  Callao  ;  de  Loriol  (1891)  from  Mazatlan,  Mexico; 
Meissner  (1892)  from  Callao,  and  (1896)  from  Iquique  and  Talcahuano;  and  Clark 
(1902)  from  Albemarle  Island,  Galapagos.  Meissner  (1896)  expresses  the  opiu- 


v 


CLARK:   THE  ECHINODERMS  OF  PERU.  331 

ion  that  de  Loriol's  specimens  from  Mazatlau  were  not  the  true  bellonae,  and 
he  therefore  names  them  lorioli.  I  am  not  able  to  agree  with  this  view,  for  it 
seems  that  the  characters  by  which  he  attempts  to  separate  the  two  forms  are 
unreliable,  and  de  Loriol's  description  and  figures  appear  to  agree  very  well  with 
Peruvian  specimens. 

Dr.  Coker  took  small  specimens  (R  —  100  mm.  ±)  of  this  species  "off  north- 
east side  of  San  Lorenzo  Island"  (which  is  off  Callao)  in  "about  2£  fathoms," 
on  February  5,  1907;  and  also  "  with  dredge  and  trawl,  Bay  of  Sechura,  west  of 
Matacaballa;  about  5  fathoms  in  depth,  April  8,"  1907.  The  Bay  of  Seehura  is 
just  north  of  Aguja  Point.  Nothing  is  recorded  of  the  habits  of  bellonae. 

Luidia  Columbia. 

Petalaster  Columbia  J.  E.  Gray,  1840.     Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  6,  p.  183. 

Luida  tessellata  C.  F.  Liitken,  1859.     Vid.  Med.  f.  1859,  p.  40. 

Petalster  columbiae  A.  E.  Verrill,  1867.     Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  1,  p.  272. 

Luidia  colombiae  E.  Perrier,  1876.     Arch.  Zool.  Exp.,  5,  p.  253. 

Luidia  columbiae  W.  P.  Sladen,  1889.     Kept.  voy.  "  Challenger,"  30,  p.  247.- 

Plate  1,  figure  2. 

This  is  also  a  very  large  starfish,  for  while  most  of  the  known  specimens  have 
R  =  100-200  mm.,  there  are  much  larger  specimens  in  the  M.  C.  Z.  collection 
from  Magdaleua  Bay,  Lower  California.  The  largest  of  these  has  R=  275  mm., 
and  the  breadth  of  the  arms  at  base  is  38  mm.  The  color  of  preserved  specimens 
is  yellowish  green,  brownish  green,  or  dull  greenish  gray  above,  and  yellowish 
beneath.  Dr.  Coker's  field  notes  show  that  in  life  the  animal  is  "  dorsally  of  a 
mouse  color  with  many  dark  specks.  Below  yellowish  white."  This  seems  to  be 
one  of  the  most  common  starfishes  of  the  Panamic  region,  and  one  that  is  widely 
distributed.  It  ranges  from  Magdaleua  Bay,  Lower  California,  and  the  Gulf  of 
California  to  northern  Peru,  and  has  also  been  reported  from  the  Galapagos  Islands. 
Specimens  in  the  Coker  collection  were  taken  with  L.  bellonae  in  the  Bay  of  Se- 
chura, on  April  8,  1907,  and  with  Astropecten  erinaceus  at  Capon,  January  29, 
1908.  The  habits  are  reported  by  Coker  to  be  like  those  of  the  Astropecteu  (q.  v.) 
witli  which  it  is  found. 

Tosia  verrucosa. 

Goniodiscus  verrucosus  R.  A.  Philippi,  1857.     Arch.  f.  Naturg.,  36,  Bd.  1,  p.  132. 
Pentagonaster  (Astrogonium]  verrucosus  E.  Perrier,  1878.     Nouv.  Arch.  Mus.  Hist. 

Nat.,  (2)  1,  p.  84. 
Gnathaster  (?)  verrucosus  W.  P.  Sladen,  1889.     Rept.  voy.  "Challenger,"  30,  p.  750. 

To  judge  from  Philippi's  account,  this  starfish  would  appear  to  occur  not  rarely 
on  the  coast  between  Valparaiso  and  the  Rio  Maipu,  yet  strangely  enough  it  does 

1  This  is  the  way  the  name  has  been  written  for  many  years,  but  there  is  no 
reason  why  Gray's  original  spelling  should  not  be  Detained. 


332  BULLETIN:    MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY. 

not  seem  to  have  been  met  with  by  any  other  observers.  Consequently  its  real 
relationships  are  still  very  doubtful.  Philippi  gives  the  diameter  as  three  inches 
and  the  color  red.  It  is  not  impossible  that  the  species  is  based  upon  specimens 
of  the  following  species,  Odontaster  singularis,  but  I  have  never  seen  individuals 
of  Odontaster  answering  to  Philippi's  description. 


Odontaster  singularis. 

Goniodiscus  singularis  J.  Muller  and  F.  Troschel,  1843.     Arch.  f.  Naturg.,  9,  Bd.  1, 

p.  116. 

Pentagonaster  singularis  E.  Perrier,  1876.     Arch.  Zool.  Exp  ,  5,  p.  38. 
Gnathaster  singularis  W.  P.  Sladen,  1889.     Kept.  voy.  "Challenger,"  30,  p.  286. 
Asterodon  singularis  E.  Perrier,  1891.     Miss.  Sci.  Cap  Horn.  Zool.,  3,  p.  K  134. 
Odontaster  singularis  F.  J.  Bell,  1893.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  p.  262. 

Plate  2,  figure  4. 

The  original  specimens  of  this  interesting  starfish  were  from  Chile,  but  later  in- 
vestigations have  shown  that  it  is  a  southern  species  most  common  on  the  south 
and  west  coasts  of  Patagonia.  It  reaches  a  diameter  of  75-80  mm.  and  in  life  is 
red ;  preserved  specimens  are  dull  yellowish  or  brownish.  The  only  claim  which 
this  species  has  to  a  place  in  the  Peruvian  fauna  is  based  on  Leipoldt's  (1895) 
report  of  a  small  specimen  (less  than  30  mm.  in  diameter)  which  was  taken  be- 
tween Iquique  and  Pisagua,  about  20°  S.  lat.  It  is  hardly  likely  that  the  north- 
ern range  of  Odontaster  extends  much  above  the  twentieth  parallel,  so  that  its 
occurrence  in  Peruvian  waters  is  improbable. 


Nidorellia  armata. 

Pentaceros  (Nidorellia)  armatus  J.  E.  Gray,  1840.     Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  6,  p.  277. 
Nidorellia  armata  A.  E.  Verrill,  1867.    Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  1,  p.  280. 

Plate  4,  figure  2. 

This  is  a  common  and  well-known  member  of  the  Panamic  fauna,  ranging  from 
Guaymas,  Mexico,  to  Zorritos,  Peru,  and  also  to  the  Galapagos  Islands.  The  largest 
specimen  seen  has  11=:  88  mm.  The  proportion  II  :  r  is  quite  variable,  ranging 
from  1.45  :  1  to  1.75  :  1.  The  number  and  arrangement  of  the  abactinal  spines 
is  exceedingly  variable.  The  color  in  life  is  given  by  Verrill  as  bright  scarlet. 
Preserved  specimens  are  more  or  less  yellowish  or  brownish,  seldom  showing  any 
trace  of  red.  Although  this  species  has  been  taken  as  far  south  as  Zorritos,  it  is 
not  represented  in  the  Coker  collection.  A  specimen  in  the  M.  C.  Z.  collection  is 
remarkable  for  appearing  to  have  seven  rays,  when  seen  from  above ;  but  when 
the  oral  side  is  examined,  it  is  found  that  only  Jive  ambulacral  furrows  run  out 
from  the  actinostome ;  of  these,  however,  two  bifurcate,  one  near  the  mouth  and 
the  other  near  the  distal  end,  and  thus  arises  the  appearance  of  seven  rays. 


•  .. 


CLARK  :  THE  ECHINODERMS  OF  PERU.          333 

Oreaster  Occident  alls. 

A.  E.  Verrill,  1867.     Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  1,  p.  278. 

Plate  4,  figure  1. 

This  species  is,  like  the  preceding,  a  common  Panamic  form,  ranging  from  the 
Gulf  of  California  southward.  The  diameter  of  a  large  specimen  is  about  300 
mm.  Preserved  specimens  are  yellowish  or  brownish,  but  in  life  the  dorsal  plates 
are  said  to  be  bright  crimson,  the  spaces  between  greenish  brown.  Dr.  Coker 
did  not  meet  with  this  species,  nor  has  it  yet  been  recorded  from  Peru,  but  Cuming 
collected  a  young  Oreaster  at  Punta  Santa  Elena,  Ecuador,  along  with  Nido- 
rellia,  and  as  it  seems  almost  certain  that  Oreasters  will  be  found  on  the  northern 
shores  of  Peru,  I  have  included  the  Panamic  species  in  this  list.  Verrill  (1867) 
has  given  reasons  why  Gray's  Pentaceros  cumingii,  based  on  the  specimen  taken 
by  Cuming  at  St.  Elena,  cannot  be  identical  with  Oreaster  occidental™,  but  it 
seems  very  probable  that  when  our  knowledge  of  the  Ecuadorian  Oreasters  is 
complete  cumingii  will  prove  to  be  the  young  of  occidentalis. 

Paulia  horrida. 

J.  E.  Gray,  1840.     Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  6,  p.  278. 
Plate  3,  figure  3. 

The  original  specimens  of  this  remarkable  starfish  were  taken  by  Cuming  at 
Punta  Santa  Elena,  Ecuador,  in  12-18  fathoms,  in  company  with  Nidorellia  and 
Oreaster.  Unlike  these  latter,  however,  it  has  seldom  been  met  with  since  and 
seems  to  be  rather  rare,  the  only  specimens  recorded  since  Cuming's  day  being 
taken  at  the  Galapagos  Islands.  Gray's  type  was  about  150  mm.  in  diameter, 
but  the  specimens  from  the  Galapagos  were  smaller.  The  color  of  dried  speci- 
mens is  yellowish  brown,  but  in  life  it  is  probable  the  general  coloration  is  red  or 
reddish  as  in  Oreaster  and  Nidorellia. 


Asterina  calcarata. 

Asteriscus  calcaratus  E.  Perrier,  1869.     Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  (5)  12,  p.  292. 
Asterina  calcarata  E.  Perrier,  1876.     Arch.  Zool.  Exp.,  5,  p.  222. 

This  species  is  very  little  known,  the  original  one  (30  mm.  in  diameter)  from 
Valparaiso  remaining  unique,  so  far,  at  least,  as  South  American  specimens  are 
concerned.  Under  the  name  calcaratus  Valenciennes  placed  a  number  of  Asteri- 
nas  from  Chile,  and  Gay,  in  his  account  (1854)  of  the  echiuoderms  of  that  coun- 
try, made  no  effort  to  differentiate  them.  Perrier,  however,  restricted  the  name 
to  this  particular  form,  supposed  to  be  from  Valparaiso.  Were  it  not  that  a 
variety  (selkirki  Meissner,  1896)  is  common  at  Juan  Fernandez,  one  might 
be  doubtful  whether  Perrier's  specimen  really  came  from  Chile,  especially  as 
de  Rochebrune  (1881)  records  calcarata  from  the  Cape  Verde  Islands.  For  the 


334      BULLETIN:  MUSEUM  OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY. 

present,  however,  we  may  retain  the  species  in  the  Chilean  fauna,  with  the  hope 
that  further  collecting  on  the  South  American  coast  may  settle  the  doubt  con- 
cerning it. 

Asterina  chilensis. 

Asteriscus  chilensis  C.  F.  Liitken,  1859.     Vid.  Med.  f.  1859,  p.  61. 
Asterina  chilensis  C.  F.  Lutken,  1871.     Vid.  Med.  f.  1871,  p.  302. 

Plate  2,  figures  3  and  3. 

This  pretty  starfish,  which  may  be  as  much  as  50  mm.  in  diameter,  is  one  of 
the  characteristic  species  of  the  Chilean  fauna,  arid  has  been  recorded  from  many 
places  along  the  coast  between  Payta,  Peru,  and  Talcahuauo,  Chile.  In  the 
Coker  collection  there  are  specimens  from  La  Punta  (at  Callao),  Lobos  de 
Afuera  Islands  (southwest  of  Aguja  Point)  and  Bay  of  Sechura  (just  north  of 
Aguja  Point),  but  unfortunately  there  are  no  notes  on  coloration  or  habits.  The 
specimens  vary  greatly  in  form,  from  R=  1.5r  to  R  =  2r  and  in  the  spinula- 
tion  of  both  the  upper  and  lower  surfaces ;  in  some  specimens  the  spinules  on  the 
upper  side  seem  rather  long,  while  in  others  they  are  more  like  granules ;  the  plates 
of  the  actinal  side  carry  in  some  cases  only  2  or  3  spines,  in  others  4-6. 
There  is  also  a  striking  difference  in  the  color ;  one  group  of  specimens  are  uni- 
formly dull  yellowish  or  pale  brown,  while  another  shows  very  bright  colors,  min- 
gled blue  and  red.  The  latter  are  from  the  Bay  of  Sechura  and  were  at  first 
supposed  to  represent  a  different  species,  bnt  unfortunately  for  that  view  they  do 
not  agree  with  each  other  in  proportions  and  spinulation,  nor  differ  consistently 
in  any  character  but  color  from  the  individuals  taken  south  of  Aguja  Point.  It 
seems  therefore  that  chilensis  is  a  variable  species,  the  limits  of  whose  variation 
have  still  to  be  determined. 


Parasterina  obesa,  sp.  nov.1 

Plate  3,  figures  1  and  2. 

Rays  5.  R  =  42  mm.,  r  =  14  mm.,  R  =  3r.  Interbrachial  arcs  rounded. 
Rays  very  stout,  tapering  slightly  to  a  blunt  point;  breadth  at  base,  13  mm., 
vertical  thickness  10  mm.  Disc  large  and  flat,  its  vertical  diameter  the  same  as 
that  of  the  rays.  Whole  surface  of  disc,  interbrachial  spaces  and  rays,  above  and 
below  to  the  adambulacral  series,  covered  by  paxilliform  plates  very  much  like 
those  in  Odontaster  singularis,  which  carry  crowded  groups  of  10-50  blunt,  granule- 
like  spinelets.  Along  sides  of  rays,  and  especially  on  under  surface  and  in 
interbrachial  areas  these  plates  are  in  regular  longitudinal  and  diagonal  series,  but 
dorsally  no  such  regular  arrangement  is  to  be  seen.  Plates  in  oral  interbrachial 
areas,  largest  and  most  widely  spaced  from  each  other,  with  6-12  spinelets  each. 
Papulae  occur  singly  or  in  groups  of  2-4,  between  dorsal  plates  and  along  sides 
of  rays  but  not  on  lower  surface.  Neither  supero-  nor  infero marginal  plates  can 

1  obesus,  fat,  in  allusion  to  the  very  plump  rays. 


CLARK:  THE  ECHINODEKMS  OF  PERU.       335 

be  distinguished.  Adambulacral  armature  consists  of  a  marginal  series  of  3 
(rarely  4)  stout,  blunt  spines  (about  1  mm.  long)  of  which  adoral  is  usually 
smallest  and  aboral  largest ;  surface  of  plate  with  half  a  dozen  (4-7)  somewhat 
similar  but  slightly  smaller  spines,  arranged  in  pairs  or  trios.  Oral  plates  small, 
each  with  a  marginal  series  of  four  spines,  more  or  less  expanded  at  tip  and  a 
single  blunt  spine  on  surface  of  plate.  Madreporic  plate  very  inconspicuous,  less 
than  2  mm.  across  and  only  4-5  mm.  from  center  of  disc.  Color  (dry)  uni- 
form, light  yellowish  brown. 

There  are  two  specimens  of  this  well-characterized  species  in  the  M.  C.  Z.  col- 
lection, which  were  taken  at  Talcahuano,  Chile,  by  the  '*  Hassler  "  expedition.  [ 
have  been  in  doubt  as  to  their  real  relationship,  but  as  they  are  more  nearly  allied 
to  Sladen's  Patina  bellula  than  to  any  other  starfish  with  which  I  have  compared 
them,  I  consider  them  congeneric  with  that  species.  Fisher  (1908)  has  shown 
that  Patiria  is  untenable  and  has  proposed  Parasterina  as  a  substitute. 

Phataria  unifascialis. 

Linckia  (Phataria)  unifascialis  J.  E.  Gray,  1840.     Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.,  6,  p.  285. 
Phataria  unifascialis  W.  P.  Sladen,  1889.     Kept.  voy.  "  Challenger,"  30,  p.  786. 

Plate  5,  figure  1. 

This  common  and  well-known  Panamic  species,  which  ranges  as  far  north  as 
the  Gulf  of  California,  has  been  recorded  by  Verrill  (1867)  from  Zorritos,  Peru, 
and  doubtless  occurs  on  the  northern  coasts  of  that  country  although  not  met  with 
by  Coker.  But  the  record  from  Timor  (v.  Martens,  1866,  p.  85)  is  probably  based 
on  an  erroneous  identification,  while  de  Loriol's  (1900)  specimen  from  Celebes 
can  scarcely  have  been  collected  originally  in  the  East  Indies,  though  it  may  have 
been  taken  to  Europe  from  there.  Museum  specimens  of  this  species  are  usu- 
ally yellowish  or  grayish  in  color,  but  we  have  no  information  as  to  color  in  life. 
From  the  appearance  of  the  best  dry  specimens,  the  living  animal  was  probably  red 
of  some  shade.  The  largest  specimens  have  R  =  125  mm.  and  also  =  9r. 

Pharia  pyramidata. 

Ophidiaster  (Pharia)  pyramidatus  J.   E.   Gray,   1840.     Ann.  Mag.   Nat.   Hist.,  6, 

p.  284. 
Pharia  pyramidata  W.  P.  Sladen,  1889.     Kept.  voy.  "  Challenger,"  30,  p.  784. 

Plate  5,  figure  2. 

Like  the  preceding,  this  is  a  common  Panamic  species,  known  to  range  from 
the  Gulf  of  California  to  Zorritos,  Peru,  but  not  met  with  by  Coker.  Leipoldt 
(1895)  records  two  specimens  from  Valparaiso,  but  there  is  little  reason  to  doubt 
that,  if  the  specimens  are  correctly  labeled,  they  were  brought  to  that  city 
from  the  north.  Large  specimens  of  Pharia  have  R  =  150-160  mm.  and  also 
=  5.3-7,5r.  The  color  of  preserved  specimens  is  dull  purplish  or  reddish  brown, 
often  more  or  less  yellowish  along  the  ambulacral  furrows.  Verrill  (1867  p.  288) 


336    BULLETIN:  MUSEUM  OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY. 

says  that  the  color  is  "  in  life,  variegated  above  with  purple  and  brown,"  but  else- 
where (1871,  p.  577)  he  says,  "the  dry  specimens  in  best  condition  are  light 
straw  color  beneath ;  the  poriferous  zones  are  bright  orange ;  the  rows  of  large 
plates  on  the  back  and  sides  olive-green  ;  madreporic  plate,  large,  dark  olive-green.5 ' 

Ophidiaster  ludwigi. 
P.  de  Loriol,  1900.    Revue  Suisse  Zool.,  8,  p.  78. 

This  species  is  based  upon  a  single  specimen  in  de  Loriol's  collection,  labeled 
simply  "  Perou."  E.  =  40  mm.,  r  =  9  mm.  Kays,  11  mm.  broad  and  8  mm. 
high  at  base.  Color  brownish  violet ;  papular  areas  lighter ;  ventral  side,  pale 
yellowish.  While  at  least  one  species  of  Ophidiaster  may  'occur  in  the  warmer 
coastal  waters  of  Peru,  it  should  be  remembered  that  many  animals,  described  in 
Europe  as  from  Peru,  were  really  from  the  island  of  Peru  in  the  Gilbert  group, 
and  it  is  quite  possible  therefore  that  de  Loriol's  Ophidiaster  is  not  from  South 
America. 

Mithrodia  bradleyi. 

A.  E.  Verrill,  1867.     Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  1,  p.  288. 
Plate  6,  figure  1. 

Although  this  species  was  not  met  with  by  Dr.  Coker  and  has  never  been  re- 
corded from  Soutli  America,  I  include  it  for  two  reasons,  neither  of  which  alone 
would  warrant  such  a  course.  In  the  first  place,  it  is  a  Panamic  species  with  the 
same  general  distribution  as  Pharia,  Phataria,  and  others,  and  therefore  will  prob- 
ably be  found  near  Zorritos.  In  the  second  place,  there  is  a  single  dry  specimen 
in  the  M.  C.  Z.  collection,  received  in  1862  from  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
of  Philadelphia,  labeled  simply  "  Arica,  Peru."  This  specimen  is  of  interest 
because,  while  it  is  quite  unlike  specimens  of  bradleyi  from  the  Gulf  of  Cali- 
fornia, it  resembles  very  closely  in  its  general  appearance,  though  not  in  pro- 
portions, the  "peculiar  specimen"  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  described  and 
figured  by  Fisher  (1906,  p.  1096,  pi.  37,  figs.  2-3).  In  the  Peruvian  specimen, 
R  =  135  mm.,  r  =  15  mm.,  E.  =  9r  and  the  color  is  light  brown ;  other  dry 
specimens  are  nearly  black.  Fisher  (1906)  says  the  rays  are  usually  unequal,  and 
in  his  largest  Hawaiian  specimen,  R  varied  from  198'  to  230  mm.  In  life,  the 
color  is  more  or  less  vermilion  red,  light  or  dark  or  both. 

Henricia  hyadesi. 

Cribrdla  hyadesi  E.  Perrier,  1891.     Miss.  Sci.  Cap  Horn  :  Zool.  3,  p.  K100. 
Plate  2,  figure  5. 

This  is  a  species  of  the  far  south,  which  is  admitted  here  on  the  strength  of  Meiss- 
ner's  (1896)  identification  of  a  number  of  specimens  from  Iquique,  which  is  very 
near  the  Chile-Peruvian  line.  It  is  a  small  species ;  in  the  largest  known  speci- 


c 


r 


CLARK:  THE  ECHINODERMS  OF  PERU.          337 

mens,  R  =  41  mm.  The  color  in  life  is  recorded  as  "ziegelroth  oder  gelbroth." 
There  is  no  longer  any  justification  for  the  use  of  the  name  Cribrella,  but  the  name 
hyadesi  does  not  seem  to  have  been  used  hitherto  in  combination  with  the  proper 
generic  name,  Henricia. 

Echinaster  cribella. 
C.  F.  Liitken,  1871.    Vid.  Med.  f.  1871,  p.  288. 

This  is  another  of  those  unsatisfactory  species  which  has  not  been  met  with 
since  it  was  described.  The  type  was  not  quite  74  mm.  in  diameter;  nothing 
is  said  as  to  its  color.  It  was  supposed  to  have  come  from  Valparaiso.  As  Echi- 
naster is  a  genus  characteristic  of  warm  seas,  it  is  quite  probable  that  it  occurs  on 
the  northern  coasts  of  Peru,  but  it  is  hardly  to  be  expected  as  far  south  as  Val- 
paraiso ;  yet  its  distribution  may  be  similar  to  that  of  Asterina  chilensis. 

Echinaster  cylindricus. 
M.  Meissner,  1892.    Arch.  f.  Naturg.,  58,  bd.  1,  p.  184. 

This  species  is  based  on  a  single  specimen,  said  to  have  been  taken  at  Callao, 
Peru.  In  this  specimen  R  =  80-90  mm.  and  also  =  7-^r.  The  color  is  recorded 
as  "dark  blackish  brown." 

Stichaster  aurantiacus. 

Asterias  aurantiacus  F.  J.  F.  Meyen,  1834.     Reise  um  die  Erde,  1,  p.  222. 
Stichaiter  aurantiacus  A.  E.  Verrill,  1867.     Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  1,  p.  293. 

Plate  8,  figure  1. 

This  is  one  of  the  characteristic  starfishes  of  the  Chilean  region.  It  reaches  a 
large  size  for  a  Stichaster,  full-grown  specimens  having  R  =  120  mm.  The  color 
in  life  is  orange  or  red,  but  preserved  specimens  are  dull  yellowish  or  pale  brown. 
Specimens  have  been  taken  as  far  north  as  Callao  and  as  far  south  as  Talcahuano. 
Dr.  Coker  met  with  this  species  on  the  rocky  shores  of  the  Pescadores  Islands 
and  at  North  Chinca  Island.  Of  the  former  his  notes  say,  "Abundant;  red; 
brittle,"  and  of  the  latter,  "  On  rocky  shores  ;  color  red ;  easily  broken ;  abundant." 

Asterias  gelatinosa. 

F.  J.  F.  Meyen,  1834.    Reise  um  die  Erde,  1,  p.  222. 
Plate  6,  figure  9. 

Although  this  species  has  not  yet  been  recorded  from  north  of  Iquique,  there 
is  good  reason  to  believe  it  will  be  found  in  suitable  localities  along  the  southern 
coast  of  Peru.  It  grows  to  a  large  size,  full-grown  specimens  having  R  =  250 
mm.  and  breadth  of  ray  =  50  mm.  According  to  Meyen's  original  description, 
the  upper  surface  is  milky  white,  with  the  spines  and  tubercles  bright  orange. 
Preserved  specimens  give  no  hint  of  such  coloration,  as  they  are  dull  brown  or 
various  shades. 


338          BULLETIN:  MUSEUM  OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY. 

Heliaster  polybrachius. 

H.  L.  Clark,  1907.     Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  51,  p.  54. 

Plate  7,  figure  1. 

This  interesting  starfish  is  remarkable  for  its  very  limited  range,  as  it  is  known 
only  from  Zorritos,  Payta,  and  the  Lobos  de  Afuera  Islands.  The  number  of  rays 
ranges  from  31  to  43  and  averages  rather  more  than  37.  The  largest  specimen 
seen  is  about  180  mm.  across.  Nothing  is  recorded  of  the  color  in  life,  but  pre- 
served specimens  are  dull  greenish  or  blackish  above,  often  marked  with  yellowish 
blotches ;  rarely  the  yellowish  predominates ;  spines  and  actinal  surface  yellowish. 
Two  specimens  in  the  Coker  collection  were  taken  on  the  shore  rocks  of  Lobos 
de  Afuera,  March  27, 1907. 

Heliaster  helianthus. 

Asterias  hdianthus  J.  B.  P.  Lamarck,  1816.    Anim.  s.  Vert.,  2,  p.  558. 

Asterias  (Heliaster}  helianthus  J.  E.  Gray,  1840.     Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Hist,,  6,  p.  179. 

Heliaster  helianthus  F.  Dujardin  et  Hupe,  1862.     Hist.  Nat.  Zooph.  Ech.,  p.  344. 

Plate  7,  figure  2. 

Meyen  (1834)  speaks  of  this  as  the  "  ausgezeiclmetesten "  species  of  starfish 
and  it  certainly  must  always  rank  as  one  of  the  most  notable  species,  because  of  its 
large  size  (300  mm.  in  diameter)  and  numerous  rays  (30-40).  It  ranges  from^ 
northern  Ecuador  (about  2°  N.  lat.)  to  Valparaiso,  and  seems  to  be  very  com- 
mon, as  it  has  been  recorded  by  all  collectors  on  that  coast.  Dr.  Coker  took  speci- 
mens at  the  Lobos  de  Afuera  Islands,  on  the  northeast  side  of  San  Lorenzo  Island, 
at  the  Pescadores  Islands,  and  at  Independencia  Bay,  south  of  Pisco.  Of  the 
last,  he  says  in  his  field  notes,  "  white  below ;  above  black  with  spines  red."  So 
far  as  I  can  discover  this  is  the  only  observation  on  the  color  of  a  living  Heliaster 
which  has  ever  been  recorded,  and  it  shows  that  the  dull  shades  (blackish  and 
yellowish)  of  preserved  specimens  give  no  clue  to  the  fine  coloration  of  the  living 
starfish. 

Brittle-Stars.    Ophiuroidea. 

The  brittle-stars  comprise  an  astonishingly  small  part  of  the  Peruvian 
fauna,  especially  when  it  is  remembered  that  not  less  than  thirty  species 
occur  at  Panama,  most  of  which  might  reasonably  be  expected  to  occur 
as  far  south  as  Payta.  While  lack  of  attractive  reefs  and  bottoms  may 
account  for  the  absence  of  some  species,  it  is  probable  that  more  inten- 
sive collecting  will  increase  the  number  considerably.  The  ten  species 
herein  recorded  represent  seven  genera,  none  of  which  is  characteristic  of 
the  region ;  all  but  one  or  two  are  cosmopolitan.  Yet,  strangely  enough, 
five  of  the  species  ar§  not  known  outside  of  the  Chile-Peruvian  region, 


CLARK:  THE  ECHINODERMS  OF  PERU.          339 

while  four  of  the  remaining  five  are  Panamic.  The  origin  of  the  ophiu- 
ran  fauna  is  unquestionably  Panamic;  indeed,  there  is  not  a  single 
species  which  seems  to  have  come  into  the  Peruvian  fauna  from  the 
south,  unless  Amphiodia  chilensis  is  a  possible  exception. 

In  referring  to  the  external  features  of  a  brittle-star  it  is  customary  to  speak  of 
the  body  as  the  disc,  and  the  rays  as  arms.  On  the  sides  of  the  arms,  in  parallel 
vertical  series,  are  borne  the  more  or  less  conspicuous  arm-spinet.  On  the  upper 
surface  of  the  disc  lie  the  radial  shields,  a  pair  of  plates  at  the  base  of  each  arm  ; 
they  are  sometimes  covered  by  granules  or  small  scales  and  so  appear  to  be 
wanting.  Ac  the  center  of  the  lower  surface  of  the  disc  is  the  mouth,  made  up  of 
five  radial  slits  meeting  at  a  common  center ;  between  each  pair  of  slits  is  a  trian- 
gular or  wedge-shaped  interradial  jaw,  along  the  margins  of  which  are  the  mouth- 
papillae  ;  these  papillae  show  great  diversity  in  size,  form,  and  position,  and  are  of 
particular  importance  in  classification  ;  in  Ophiothrix  and  «ome  other  genera  they 
are  quite  wanting. 

Key  to  the  Brittle-Stars  of  the  Peruvian  Coast. 

Arms  simple  and  unbranched. 
Disc  closely  covered  with  a  fine  granulation ;  arm-spines  short  and 

appressed Ophioderma  panamense 

Disc  not  granulated  but  covered  with  more  or  less  distinct  scales ;  arm- 
spines  not  appressed. 

Disc-scales  smooth  and  free  from  spines  and  spinelets. 
Lower  surface  of  disc  (between  arms)  covered  with  scales ;  3  mouth- 
papillae  on  each  side  of  jaw. 

Outermost  mouth-papilla  very  wide,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  two 
inner  ones  taken  together ;  size  small,  disc  2-3  mm.  in  diam- 
eter ;  arm-spines  more  or  less  pointed. 

Disc-scales  indistinct  even  when  dry,  appearing  as   though 
covered  by  a  thin  skin ;  arm-spines  wide  and  very  flat ;  no 
white  spot  at  outer  end  of  radial  shield    .    .       Amphipholis  laevidisca 
Disc-scales  very  distinct ;  arm-spines  slender  and  sharp ;  radial 

shields  more  or  less  white  at  outer  end    .     .     .    Amphipholis  pugetana 
Outermost  mouth-papilla  not  conspicuously  wider  than  the  others ; 
size  large,  disc  5-12  mm.  in  diameter ;   arm-spines  stout  and 
very  blunt. 

Radial  shields  large,  their  length  more  than  one-third  radius 
of  disc ;  disc-scales  coarse,  fewer  than  10  radial  series  in 
each  interradial  area  above  and  only  100-200  scales  in 

each  interbnichial  space  below Amphiodia  grisea 

Radial  shields  small,  their  length  about  one-fourth  of  radius 
of  disc ;  disc-scales  small,  about  15  radial  series  in  each 
interradial  area  and  500-1000  scales  in  each  interbrachial 
space  below ?  .  .  Amphiodia  chilensis 


J*:'i 


340  BULLETIN  :    MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY. 

Lower  surface  of  disc  naked ;  jaws  narrow  with  only  two  papillae 
on  each  side,  a  squarish  one  at  apex  and  a  small  one  at  outer  cor- 
ner;  3  slender,  sharp  arm-spines  Hemipholis  gracilis 

Disc-scales  with  more  or  fewer  spines  or  spinelets,  at  least  near  margin. 
Disc  with  only  a  few  spinelets,  and  these  short,  smooth,  and  chiefly 

near  margin  of  disc ;  radial  shields  small Ophiactis  kroyeri 

Disc  covered  with  thorny  spines  or  stumps  or  both ;  radial  shields 
very  large. 
Disc  with  long  slender  spines  and  few  or  no  thorny  stumps 

Ophiothrix  magnified 
Disc  with  numerous  thorny  stumps,  often  with   spines  also 

Ophiothrix  spiculata 
Arms  dichotomously  branched Gorgonocephalus  panamensis 

Ophioderma  panamense. 

C.  F.  Lutken,  1859.    Add.  ad.  Hist.  Oph.,  pt.  2,  p.  91. 
Plate  8,  figure  2. 

Although  this  species  has  not  been  recorded  from  Peru,  it  is  a  common  Panamic 
species,  and  it  is  not  strange  therefore  that  the  "  Hassler  "  expedition  should  have 
found  it  at  Payta.  There  is  a  single  specimen  from  that  locality  in  the  M.  C.  Z. 
collection.  Adult  specimens  are  as  much  as  25  mm.  across  the  disc,  with  arms 
110-115  mm.  long.  The  color  is  "greenish  gray  or  brownish,  sometimes  with  a 
central  light  spot ;  arms  similar  in  color,  banded  with  lighter  and  darker.  Lower 
surface  grayish  or  greenish  white"  (Verrill). 

Amphipholis  laevidisca. 
H.  L.  Clark,  1909.    Mem.  Aust.  Mus.,  4,  p.  541. 

This  species  was  taken  by  the  "  Hassler  "  at  Talcahuano  and  has  not  been  met 
with  since.  It  closely  resembles  A.  squamata  and  was  originally  recorded  as  that 
species,  but  seems  to  be  quite  distinct.  The  small  size  and  plain  colors  render 
these  little  brittle-stars  so  inconspicuous  they  are  ordinarily  overlooked.  The  type 
is  about  three  millimeters  across  the  disc  and  has  lost  whatever  color  markings  it 
may  have  had ;  there  is  no  indication  that  the  outer  ends  of  the  radial  shields  were 

ever  lighter  colored  than  the  disc  itself. 

^ 

Amphipholis  pugetana. 

Amphiura  Pugetana  T.  Lyman,  1868.     Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  7,  p.  193. 
Amphipholis  pugetana  A.  E.  Verrill,  1899.     Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  10,  p.  312. 

Plate  9,  figure  2. 

It  is  only  after  much  hesitation  that  I  have  referred  to  this  species,  five  small 
specimens,  dredged  by  Dr.  Coker  in  2£  fathoms  off  the  northeast  side  of  San  Lo- 
renzo Island,  near  Callao,  on  February  5,  1907.  They  are  certainly  Amphipholis, 


CLARK:  THE  ECHINODERMS  OF  PERU.        341 

and  they  are  not  A.  laevidisca,  but  they  are  not  well  enough  preserved  to  make  it 
clear  whether  they  are  squamata  or  pugetana.  It  seems  better,  for  the  present,  to 
consider  them  the  latter. 

Amphiodia  grisea. 

Amphipholis  grisea  A.  Ljungman,  1867.    Ofv.  Kongl.  Vet.-Akad.  Forh.,  23,  p.  313. 
Amphiodia  grisea  A.  E.  Verrill,  1899.     Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  10,  p.  313. 

No  one  has  met  with  this  species  since  its  original  description,  which  was  based 
on  a  specimen  from  Guayaquil,  Ecuador.  It  will  probably  be  found  on  the  north- 
era  coast  of  Peru.  The  type  has  the  disc  7.3  mm.  across  and  arms  35  mm.  long. 

Amphiodia  chilensis. 

Ophiolepis  chilensis  J.  Miiller  and  F.  Troschel,  1843.     Arch.  f.  Naturg.,  9,  bd.  1, 

p.  120. 
Amphiodia  chilensis  A.  E.  Verrill,  1899.    Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  10,  p.  313. 

Plate  9,  figure  1. 

Originally  described  as  from  "  Chili,"  this  species  has  since  been  taken  at  Tal- 
calmano  by  the  "  Hassler  "  expedition  and  at  Calbuco  by  Plate.  It  is  probably  a 
southern  species  and  its  occurrence  on  the  coast  of  Peru  is  doubtful.  The  adult 

has  the  disc  10-12  mm.  across,  and  arms  70-100  mm.  long. 

• 

Hemipholis  gracilis. 
A.  E.  Verrill,  1867.    Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  1,  p.  262. 

This  is  a  Pauamic  species,  of  which  Ljungman  had  a  specimen  from  Guayaquil ; 
otherwise  it  is  not  known  from  south  of  Panama.  Ljungman  (1867)  described 
his  specimen  as  Hemipholis  affinis^  but  Verrill's  name  has  about  two  months'  pri- 
ority and  has  been  generally  accepted.  In  adult  specimens  the  disc  is  5-6  mm. 
across,  and  the  arms  10-50  mm.  long.  The  color  is  given  by  Verrill  as  light 
greenish  gray  (in  alcohol),  the  arms  banded  with  whitish ;  radial  shields  green ; 
beneath  white. 

Ophiactis  kroyeri. 

C.  F.  Lutken,  1856.     Vid.  Med.  f.  1856,  p.  24. 

Plate  9,  figure  3. 

This  is  the  one  well-defined,  characteristic  brittle-star  of  the  Chile-Peruvian 
region.  It  has,  however,  been  recorded  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  if  its  oc- 
currence there  is  confirmed,  its  distribution  is  very  remarkable,  for  unlike  the  star- 
fish, Mithrodia  bradleyi,  which  also  occurs  in  the  Hawaiian  group,  this  Ophiactis 
is  not  otherwise  known  from  north  of  the  equator.  On  the  South  American  coast 
between  Payta,  Peru,  and  Talcahuano,  Chile,  kroyeri  appears  to  be  very  common. 
It  is  a  small  species,  adults  being  about  6  mm.  across  the  disc,  with  arms  18-20  mm. 
long,  and  the  color  is  inconspicuous,  reddish  or  purplish  brown.  Dr.  Coker 


342  BULLETIN:    MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY. 

found  this  species  off  the  northeast  side  of  San  Lorenzo  Island,  near  Callao ;  in 
Ancon  Bay,  on  a  muddy  bottom,  9  fathoms,  and  also  among  shells  and  sea-weed ; 
and  in  the  Bay  of  Sechura  in  5  fathoms.  There  are  no  notes  in  regard  to  appear- 
ance or  habits. 

Ophiothrix  magnifica. 

T.  Lyman,  1868.    Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  7,  p.  254. 
Plate  9,  figure  4. 

This  handsome  brittle-star  is  known  only  from  the  coast  of  Peru,  between  Payta 
and  Callao,  arid  from  the  Galapagos  Islands.  It  grows  to  a  fairly  large  size,  the 
disc  10-15  mm.  in  diameter,  the  arms  50-75  mm.  long.  Like  most  species  of  the 
genus  the  color  is  more  or  less  variable ;  in  preserved  specimens  it  varies  from 
light  gray  to  dark  blue ;  the  radial  shields  may  be  mottled  with  very  dark  and 
very  light  shades,  almost  black  and  white,  or  the  inner  half  of  the  shield  may  be 
dark  and  the  outer  half  white ;  in  some  specimens  a  longitudinal  white  stripe  on 
the  upper  surface  of  the  arm  is  faintly  indicated.  Dr.  Coker  met  with  this  species 
only  in  the  Bay  of  Sechura.  From  a  comparison  of  many  specimens  of  magnifica 
collected  at  Payta,  with  a  still  larger  series  of  the  following  species  (spiculata) 
from  a  number  of  localities,  I  have  reached  the  conclusion  that  the  two  forms 
intergrade  so  completely  that  they  are  probably  identical.  As  such  a  question  can 
much  better  be  decided  from  fresh  or  living  material,  it  has  seemed  best  to  keep 
the  two  forms  separate. 

Ophiothrix  spiculata. 
J.  Le  Conte,  1851.    Proc.  Philadelphia  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  5,  p.  318. 

This  is  a  common  and  wide-spread  Panamic  species,  somewhat  smaller  than  the 
preceding  and  more  variable  in  color.  Dr.  Coker  took  it  in  the  Bay  of  Sechura 
and  near  Capon,  and  it  has  also  been  taken  at  Payta  and  Zorritos.  The  specimens 
in  the  Coker  collection  from  Capon  were  found  living  in  a  sponge,  but  nothing 
else  is  noted  as  to  habits. 

Gorgonocephalus  panamensis, 

Astrophyton  panamense  A.  E.  Verrill,  1867.     Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  1,  p.  251. 
Gorgonocephalus  panamensit  T.  Lyman,  1882.     Kept.  voy.  "  Challenger,"  5,  p.  264. 

According  to  Verrill  (1.  c.),  this  species  ranges  from  La  Paz,  Mexico,  to  Zorri- 
tos, Peru,  but  it  was  not  met  with  by  Dr.  Coker.  The  size  of  an  adult  is,  disc 
35  mm.  in  diameter,  arms  140-150  mm.  long.  The  color  of  dried  specimens  is 
yellowish  brown. 

Sea-Urchins.    Bchinoidea. 

The  sea-urchins  rank  next  to  the  star-fishes  both  in  number  of  species 
found  on  the  Peruvian  ceast  and  in  number  of  species  characteristic  of 


CLARK:  THE  ECHINODERMS  OF  PERU.  343 

the  region.  Several  species  reach  a  large  size,  and  at  least  one  (Strongy- 
locentrotus  albus)  is  of  considerable  importance  as  an  article  of  food.  Of 
the  twelve  species,  five  are  characteristic  of  the  region,  though  one  of  these 
has  been  taken  at  the  Galapagos  Islands.  Six  of  the  remaining  species  are 
Panamic  forms,  while  the  seventh  is  characteristic  of  the  southeastern 
Pacific  Islands  and  its  occurrence  on  the  American  coast  is  exceedingly 
doubtful.  The  twelve  species  represent  nine  genera,  six  of  which  occur 
in  the  West  Indian  region,  two  are  characteristically  Pacific,  and  one 
(Tetrapygus)  is  peculiar  to  the  Peruvian  region.  With  the  exception  of 
Strongylocentrotus  albus,  which  probably  has  come  up  the  coast  from  the 
south,  all  of  the  species  have  doubtless  come  from  the  north,  and  it  is 
interesting  that  no  fewer  than  four  of  them  have  differentiated  into  well- 
characterized  forms. 


The  shell,  or  more  properly  test,  of  a  sea-urchin  to  be  well  examined  should 
be  dry,  and  partly  or  wholly  cleaned  from  the  spines  which  cover  it.  It  is  made 
up  of  vertical  columns  of  plates ;  in  all  living  species  there  are  twenty  of  these 
columns,  and  in  most  sea-urchins  the  plates  are  so  firmly  united  with  each  other 
that  the  test  is  hard  and  unyielding.  At  the  upper  end  of  each  pair  of  columns  there 
is  a  single  plate,  and  these  ten  plates  form  in  the  "  regular  echini "  a  ring  around 
the  periproct,  the  field  in  which  lies  the  anus,  while  in  "  irregular  echini "  they 
form  a  solid  group,  the  periproct  lying  outside  of  them,  usually  on  the  lower  sur- 
face of  the  test.  When  the  periproct  lies  outside  of  them,  they  form  the  abactinal 
system,  but  when  the  periproct  is  within,  it  is  also  included  in  the  term  "  abactinal 
system."  Examination  of  the  columns  of  plates  which  make  up  the  test  will 
show  that  these  columns  are  not  only  arranged  in  ten  pairs,  but  that  the  plates 
of  alternate  pairs  are  perforated  for  the  passage  of  tube-feet;  there  are  thus  five 
double  columns  of  perforated  plates  (i.  e.  with  tube-feet)  called  the  ambulacra, 
and  alternating  with  them  five  double  columns  of  unperforated  plates,  the  inter- 
ambulacra.  The  perforations  in  the  ambulacral  plates  are  in  pairs  and  these 
pore-pairs  may  be  arranged  in  a  vertical  series  on  each  side  of  an  ambulacrum. 
Often  however  they  are  arranged  in  oblique  arcs  of  three  or  more  in  each  plate. 
In  the  abactinal  system  the  five  plates  at  the  upper  ends  of  the  ambulacra  are 
called  oculars  and  the  five  at  the  ends  of  the  interambulacra,  genitals.  Usually  the 
genitals  being  larger  than  the  oculars  are  readily  distinguishable  by  their  size,  and 
in  the  great  majority  of  sea-urchins  three  or  more  oculars  lie  outside  the  genitals 
(i.  e.  away  from  the  anus).  But  the  exact  arrangement  of  the  plates  of  the  abac- 
tinal system  shows  great  diversity  in  different  families  and  genera.  One  of  the 
genitals,  usually  easily  distinguished  by  its  larger  size,  is  perforated  with  nu- 
merous small  pores.  This  genital  is  known  as  the  madreporic  plate.  The  ambu- 
lacrum at  the  left  side  of  the  madreporic  plate  is  considered  anterior,  i.  e.  it  marks 
the  anterior  end  of  the  animal.  The  test  itself  is  more  or  less  fully  covered  with 


344      BULLETIN:  MUSEUM  OF  COMPAEATIVE  ZOOLOGY. 

spines,  which  are  often  borne  on  the  abactinal  system  too ;  when  the  spines  are 
large  and  conspicuous,  they  are  called  primaries ;  smaller  ones  are  called  secon- 
daries; the  smallest  are  miliaries.  In  some  flattened  Echini  the  ambulacra  on  the 
upper  surface  are  laterally  expanded  in  a  conspicuous  manner,  and  from  their  fan- 
cied resemblance  to  a  flower,  each  is  called  a  petal.  On  the  flat,  lower  surface  of 
some  species  the  ambulacra  are  indicated  by  furrows  radiating  from  the  mouth, 
but  the  pores  are  exceedingly  small  and  difficult  to  see.  The  furrows  divide 
on  leaving  the  mouth  and  diverge  steadily  until  near  the  margin  of  the  test,  when 
they  abruptly  converge  and  disappear  without  meeting.  These  ambulacral  fur- 
rows are  concealed  by  the  spines  and  in  most  specimens  can  only  be  followed 
on  the  bare  test. 


Key  to  the  Sea-Urchins  of  the  Peruvian  Coast. 

Anus  vertically  opposite  mouth,  which  is  at  center  of  lower  surface  and 

provided  with  jaws  and  teeth. 
Periproct  covered  by  4  (rarely  5  or  even  more)  approximately  equal 

plates. 
Color  black  or  deep  purple ;  numerous   secondary   spines   present 

Tetrapygus  niger 

General  coloration  reddish  brown ;  no  secondary  spines. 

Plates  of  abactinal  system   and    adjoining  bare    interambulacral 

areas,  so  finely  granular  as  to  have  an  almost  velvety  appearance, 

prettily  marked  with  deep  red  in  contrast  to  gray  or  whitish 

ground  color ;  usually  no  ocular  plate  (sometimes  one)  reaches 

periproct Arbacia  stellata 

Plates  of  abactinal  system  and  adjoining  bare  interambulacral  areas, 
coarsely  granular,  not  marked  with  deep  red ;  one,  two,  or  three 

ocular  plates  reach  the  periproct Arbacia  spatuligera 

Periproct  covered  by  many  small  unequal  plates. 
Test  (except  the  flattened  lower  side)  covered  by  short,  very  stout, 
truncate    spines,  forming   a    close,  smooth    pavement    over    the 

whole Podophora  pedifera 

Test  almost  completely  covered  by  unequal,  more  or  less  elongated 

and  pointed  spines. 
Test  longer  than  wide,  though  often  only  slightly  so ;  color,  dark 

purplish'or  deep  reddish  brown Echinometra  van  brunti 

Test  with  circular  outline  ;  color,  more  or  less  greenish. 
Ambulacra  with  4   (rarely  5  or  6)   pairs   of    pores  in  each 

arc Strongylocentrotus  gibbosvs 

Ambulacra  with  8-10  pairs  of  pores  in  each  arc 

Strongylocentrotus  albus 
Anus  not  vertically  opposite  mouth,  the  line  connecting  them  being 

approximately  horizontal. 

Test  very  flat  with  a  deep  notch  in  the  margin  of  each  ambula- 
crum, or  a  broad  slit  (lunule)  formed  by  the  closing  of  this  notch  at 


CLARK  :  THE  ECHINODERMS  OF  PERU.          345 

its  outer  end ;  a  lunule  also  in  posterior  interambulacrum ;  mouth 
with  jaws  and  teeth. 

Size  large,  100  mm.  and  upwards  in  length ;  brown  or  gray 
with  a  purplish  tinge ;  width  of  area  enclosed  between  two 
branches  of  an  ambulacral  furrow  on  lower  surface,  where 

widest,  .40  or  more  of  its  length Encope  micropora 

Size  small,  rarely  exceeding  60  mm.  in  length. 

Anus  only  5-6  mm.  back  of  mouth ;  color  deep  green     Mellita  pacijica 
Anus  9-10  mm.  back  of  mouth  ;  color  not  green  .     .     Mellita  stokesii 
Test  not  flat,  without  lunules  or  notches ;  no  jaws  or  teeth. 

Size  large,  up  to  70  mm. ;  test  somewhat  flattened ;  some  con- 
spicuous primary  spines  (or  tubercles)  on  upper  surface; 
anterior  petals  hardly  as  long  as  posterior,  each  containing  a 

somewhat  triangular  area Lovenia  cordiformis 

Size  small,  rarely  exceeding  25  mm.  in  length ;  test  about  as  high 
as  wide ;  no  conspicuous  primaries ;  anterior  petals  narrow, 
more  than  twice  as  long  as  posterior  pair.  .  .  .  Agassizia  scrobiculata 


Tetrapygus  niger. 

Echinus  niger  G.  I.  Molina,  1782.     Saggio  St.  Nat.  Chili,  p.  175. 

Echinocidaris  (Tetrapyyus)  niyra  L.  Agassiz  et  E.  Desor,  1846.     Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  6. 

p.  354. 

Arbacia  nigra  A.  Agassiz,  1863.     Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  1,  p.  20. 
Tetrapygus  niger  A.  Agassiz  and  H.  L.  Clark,  1908.     Mem.  M.  C.  Z.,  34,  p.  73. 

Plate  10,  figure  1. 

This  is  one  of  the  characteristic  sea-urchins  of  the  west  coast  of  South  America, 
and  may  be  easily  recognized  by  the  very  dark  color  and  nearly  hemispherical 
test.  It  reaches  a  large  size,  full-grown  specimens  being  75  mm.  or  even  more  in 
diameter.  It  ranges  from  Payta,  Peru,  to  southern  Chile.  Dr.  Coker  met  with 
this  species  at  La  Punta,  near  Callao ;  on  rocks  between  tide-lines,  Feriol  Bay 
near  Chimbote ;  on  the  rocky  shores  of  the  Pescadores  Islands,  where  it  was  abun- 
dant ;  and  at  Independencia  Bay,  south  of  Pisco,  on  the  rocky  shores  of  Isla  Vieja. 
Of  the  last,  Dr.  Coker's  notes  say:  "Black,  sometimes  with  a  tinge  of  violet. 
Local  name  '  Gallinazos '  or '  Erizos  Gallinazos.'  '  Gallinazo '  is  the  turkey-buzzard, 
but  the  name  is  also  generally  applied  to  the  black  sea-urchin." 

Arbacia  stellata.  .>s't 

Echinus  stellatus  H.  D.  de  Blainville,  1825.     Diet.  Sci.  Nat.,  37,  p.  76. 
Arbacia  stellata  J.  E.  Gray,  1835.     Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  p.  38. 

According  to  Verrill  (1867),  this  common  Panamic  species  occurs  at  Payta  and 
Zorritos,  Peru,  but  it  was  not  met  with  by  Dr.  Coker.  Large  specimens  may  be 
60  mm.  in  diameter,  but  most  individuals  are  considerably  smaller. 


346      BULLETIN:  MUSEUM  OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY. 

Arbacia  spatuligera. 

Echinus  (Agarites)  spatuliger  A.  Valenciennes,  1846.     Voy.  Venus  Zoophytes,  pi.  5, 

fig.  2. 
Arbacia  spatuligera  A.  Agassiz,  1872.     Rev.  Ech.,  pt.  1,  p.  93. 

Plate  10,  figure  2. 

This  characteristic  species  ranges  from  Guayaquil  to  southern  Chile.  Although 
not  so  large  as  Tetrapygus  niger,  its  spines  are  so  much  longer  (40-45  mm.)  that 
adults  (65-70  mm.  in  diameter)  cover  a  greater  area  and  look  fully  as  large. 
Dr.  Coker  met  with  spatuligera  at  San  Lorenzo  Island  near  Callao,  and  in  the  Bay 
of  Sechura,  about  half  way  between  Bayovar  and  Matacabella,  in  5-6  fathoms. 
There  are  no  notes  to  show  the  character  of  the  bottom  or  the  appearance  or  hab- 
its of  the  living  animal. 

Podophora  pedifera. 

Echinus  pedifer  H.  D.  de  Blainville,  1825.    Diet.  Sci.  Nat.,  37,  p.  97. 
Podophora  pedifera  L.  Agassiz  et  E.  Desor,  1846.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  6,  p.  374. 

Plate  11,  figure  2. 

This  remarkable  sea-urchin  has  long  been  known  from  the  southern  Pacific 
islands  and  was  found  common  in  the  Paumotus  by  the  "Albatross  "  in  1899- 
1900,  "  on  the  8eaface  of  the  reef,  exposed  to  the  full  force  of  the  surf  "  (A.  Agas- 
siz, 1908).  Although  there  are  specimens  in  the  M.  C.  Z.  collection  labeled 
"  Peru,"  "  Chile,"  "  Callao,"  and  "  Valparaiso,"  no  recent  collectors  have  met 
with  Podophora  on  the  American  coast  and  it  is  highly  improbable  that  it  occurs 
there.  Yet  it  has  seemed  well  to  include  and  figure  it,  in  the  hope  that  some 
Peruvian  or  Chilean  cpllector  may  verify  its  occurrence  or  prove  its  absence. 

Echinometra  van  brunti. 

A.  Agassiz,  1863.    Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  1,  p.  21. 

Plate  11,  figure  1. 

This  well-known  Panamic  species  has  been  reported  from  Zorritos,  Peru,  by 
Verrill  (1867),  but  it  was  not  met  with  by  Dr.  Coker.  Large  specimens  may  be 
75-80  mm.  long,  with  the  breadth  rather  more  than  nine-tenths  as  much. 

Strongylocentrotus  gibbosus. 

Echinus  (Toxopneustes)  gibbosus  L.  Agassiz  et  E.  Desor,  1846.    Ann.  Sci.  Nat.,  6, 

p.  367. 
Strong ylocentrotus  gibbosus  A.  Agassiz,  1872.     Rev.  Ech.,  pt.  1,  p.  164. 

Plate  13,  figure  8. 

Among  the  sea-urchins  of  South  America  this  species  offers  the  most  interesting 
subjects  for  investigation  owing  to  the  fact  that  in  the  very  great  majority  of 
specimens  (in  museums  at  least)  the  test,  and  especially  the  abactinal  system,  is 


CLARK:  THE  ECHINODERMS  OF  PERU.          347 

more  or  less  distorted  by  the  presence  of  a  parasitic  crab  (Fabia  chilensis  Dana). 
In  specimens  of  gibbosus,  less  than  ten  millimeters  in  diameter,  there  is  no  evi- 
dence of  the  presence  of  the  crab ;  the  test  is  symmetrical  and  all  of  the  ocular 
plates  are  excluded  (by  the  large  genitals)  from  the  periproct.  In  larger  speci- 
mens, however,  the  abactinal  system  shows  the  effect  of  the  parasite,  and  in  adults 
the  whole  periproct  and  the  ring  of  genital  and  ocular  plates  are  more  or  less 
profoundly  modified.  The  number  of  ocular  plates  in  contact  with  the  periproct 
ranges,  in  adults,  from  one  to  five,  but  as  a  rule  the  anterior  ocular  and  the  two 
of  the  left  side  are  in  contact,  while  the  two  on  the  right  side  are  exsert.  Very 
rarely  one  sees  an  adult  gibbosus  which  appears  to  be  free  from  the  parasite,  but 
even  in  such  specimens  it  is  the  left  side  which  has  the  insert  oculars.  Among 
the  many  questions  which  arise  in  connection  with  this  interesting  case  of  sym- 
biosis, are  these :  Is  this  symbiosis,  with  some  mutual  advantage,  or  is  it  pure 
parasitism  ?  Is  it  only  the  urchins  in  shallow  water,  near  shore,  or  also  individ- 
uals in  deep  water,  which  are  attacked  by  the  crab?  At  what  stage  of  its  own 
development  does  the  crab  enter  the  urchin  ?  How  does  it  enter  and  how  does  it 
avoid  being  cast  off  ?  Does  the  presence  of  the  crab  cause  the  ultimate  death  of 
its  host  ?  Does  the  crab  leave  a  dead  host  or  does  it  die  too  ?  How  does  the 
crab  distinguish  gibbosus  from  S.  albus  and  other  Echini  ? 

The  adult  gibbosus  may  be  60  mm.  in  diameter,  but  the  great  majority  of  spec- 
imens seen  are  under  50.  The  green  coloration  is  often  modified  by  red  (or  red- 
dish brown)  tips  on  the  spines.  This  species  seems  to  be  most  common  in  the 
region  between  Payta  and  Callao,  but  there  is  a  small  specimen  in  the  M.  C.  Z. 
collection  labeled  "  Valparaiso,"  and  it  is  probable  that  the  range  extends  from 
the  Gulf  of  Guayaquil  southwards  at  least  along  the  shores  of  northern  Chile. 
Dr.  Coker  took  specimens  "  with  short  spines  of  olive-green  color,  off  northeast 
side  of  San  Lorenzo  Island,  in  about  2£  fathoms  "  ;  others  "  from  the  rocks  be- 
tween tide-lines,  northeast  end  of  Ferrol  Bay,  Chimbote,  March  1,"  1907,  where 
they  were  "  abundant  "  and  had  the  "  spines  olive-green,  reddish  at  tips  "  ; 
others,  "  olive-green,"  were  "  collected  from  the  rocks  in  two  feet  of  water  (at  half 
tide),  at  Lobos  de  Afuera,  ...  on  the  bay  called  '  Independencia.'  " 

Meissner  (1896)  makes  the  rather  surprising  error  of  recording  this  species  from 
Iquique  as  Strongylocentrotus  albus  ;  he  says  all  the  specimens  were  more  or  less 
deformed  by  the  presence  of  the  crab ;  the  field  note  quoted  calls  them  "  rother 
seeigel."  If  it  were  not  for  the  very  full  synonymy  given,  one  might  regard  the 
error  as  a  slip  of  the  pen  ;  as  it  is,  it  is  difficult  to  explain. 

Strongylocentrotus  albus. 

Echinus  albus  G.  I.  Molina,  1782.     Saggio  St.  Nat.  Chili,  p.  175. 
Strongylocentrotus  albus  A.  Agassiz,  1872.     Rev.  Ech.,  pt.  1,  p.  162. 

,     Plate  12,  figure  1. 

This  is  the  largest  of  the  sea-urchins  of  the  west  coast  of  South  America,  and 
of  special  interest  because  it  is  the  only  echinoderm  of  that  region  which  serves 


348      BULLETIN:  MUSEUM  OF  COMPARATIVE  ZOOLOGY. 

as  food  for  man.  Large  specimens  may  be  as  much  as  120  mm.  in  diameter. 
The  color  is  more  or  less  uniformly  green,  though  the  tips  of  the  spines  may  be 
reddish,  or,  in  young  specimens,  quite  red.  The  range  of  albus  is  from  Callao  to 
the  southern  part  of  Chile.  Dr.  Coker  met  with  this  species  at  Mollendo,  where 
he  says  it  is  "  valued  as  food,"  and  on  the  rocky  shores  of  Isla  Vieja,  Indepen- 
dencia  Bay,  south  of  Pisco ;  of  these  latter  he  says :  "  The  spines  are  green ; 
those  on  the  lower  part  of  the  sides  are  reddish ;  the  corona  appearing  between 
the  spines,  deep  red  or  reddish  chestnut.  These  are  the  edible  '  erizos  '  which 
are  so  highly  esteemed.  This  form  does  not  seem  to  be  common  north  of  Inde- 
pendencia.  (The  forms  common  at  Callao  are  rarely  eaten.)" 

Encope  micropora. 

L.  Agassiz,  1841.    Mon.  Scut.,  p.  50. 

Plate  13,  figure  1. 

This  is  a  Panamic  species  ranging  from  the  Gulf  of  California  (Guaymas)  to 
the  Galapagos  Islands  and  Peru.  It  reaches  a  large  size,  individuals  occasionally 
exceeding  150  mm.  in  length.  The  color  is  variable,  ranging  from  brown  to  gray. 
Dr.  Coker  took  a  number  of  specimens  of  this  Encope  "  with  dredge  and  trawl  — 
Bay  of  Sechura  —  west  of  Matacaballa ;  about  5  fathoms  in  depth.  April  8," 
1907.  These  specimens  are  all  more  or  less  rubbed,  and  are  of  a  light  purplish 
gray  color. 

Mellita  pacifica. 
A.  E.  Verrill,  1867.     Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  1,  p.  313. 

The  type  specimen  of  this  interesting  form  was  from  Zorritos,  Peru,  and  the 
species  has  not  been  taken  elsewhere.  The  type  measured  about  55  mm.  in 
length  and  was  a  trifle  broader.  The  color  of  the  dried  specimen  was  deep  green, 
but  it  is  quite  possible  that  in  life  it  was  red-brown,  for  the  red-brown  shades  of 
clypeastroids  have  the  remarkable  property  of  becoming  green,  especially  after 
death. 

Mellita  stokesii. 

Encope  stokesii  L.  Agassiz,  1841.     Mon.  Scut.,  p.  59. 
Mellita  stokesii  A.  Agassiz,  1872.     Rev.  Ech.,  pt  1,  p.  141. 

Plate  13,  figure  3. 

Were  it  not  for  the  differences  shown  by  the  internal  structure  of  the  test,  I 
should  have  no  doubt  that  this  is  simply  the  young  of  Encope  micropora,  but 
those  differences  are  so  striking  it  is  hard  to  believe  they  are  due  to  age  only. 
The  smallest  Encope  before  me  is  so  much  larger  than  the  largest  stokesii  that  a 
fair  comparison  is  not  possible  and  the  true  relationship  of  the  two  forms  must 
remain  undetermined.  The  distribution  of  stokesii  is  not  merely  throughout  the 


CLARK:  THE  ECHINODERMS  OF  PERU.        349 

Panamic  region  but  extends  to  the  Galapagos  Islands.  Dr.  Coker  met  with  it 
only  in  a  tide  pond  at  La  Boca  Grande,  Tumbes.  These  specimens  are  gray, 
with  an  evident  purple  tinge,  and  show  no  trace  of  the  "  greenish  brown  "  or 
"  olive  "  color,  to  which  Verrill  (1867)  and  A.  Agassiz  (1873)  refer.  The  largest 
specimen  is  63  mm.  across,  the  width  slightly  exceeding  the  length. 

Lovenia  cordiformis. 

A.  Agassiz,  1872.    Bull.  M.  C.  Z.,  3,  p.  67. 

Plate  13,  figure  3. 

This  is  a  Panamic  species  recorded  from  Guayaquil  by  Liitken,  and  although 
not  met  with  by  Dr.  Coker  it  probably  occurs  on  the  northern  coast  of  Peru. 
It  is  light  brown  in  color,  judging  from  dry  specimens,  with  a  decidedly  rosy 
tinge  above,  especially  on  the  long  spines,  and  yellowish  underneath.  The  test  is 
markedly  longer  than  wide  and  wider  than  high ;  about  50  X  36  X  21  mm.  in 
a  fully  grown  individual. 

Agassizia  scrobiculata. 

A.  Valenciennes,  1846.     Voy.  Venus  Zoophytes,  pi.  1,  fig.  2. 
Plate  13,  figure  4. 

Originally  described  from  Peru,  this  curious  little  sea-urchin  has  since  been 
found  throughout  the  Panamic  region.  Verrill  (1871)  gives  the  measurements 
of  a  large  specimen  as  follows  :  length,  43  mm. ;  width,  40  mm. ;  height,  31  mm. 
The  color  of  preserved  specimens  is  light  brown  or  yellowish  gray.  Dr.  Coker 
met  with  this  species  at  Capon,  and  states  that  it  is  common  on  the  mud-flats, 
where  it  is  known  by  the  local  name  "  Chimpanzas." 

Sea-Cucumbers.    Holothurioidea. 

The  holothurians  are  the  least  known,  and  appear  to  be  the  least 
common,  of  the  classes  of  echinoderms  on  the  Peruvian  coast.  Al- 
though seven  species  are  given  in  the  following  list,  one  is  known  only 
from  the  original  description  of  a  specimen  labeled  "  Peru,"  a  second  is 
very  unsatisfactorily  known  from  a  specimen  labeled  "  Chile "  but 
belonging  to  a  warm-water  genus,  a  third  is  known  from  Mexico  and 
from  Patagonia  and  hence  is  assumed  to  occur  in  Peruvian  waters,  and 
a  fourth  is  a  Panamic  species,  hitherto  very  little  known.  Of  the 
remaining  thrtee,  two  are  southern  species,  which  only  reach  the  lower 
coast  of  Peru.  Consequently  there  remains  only  a  single  common  and 
well-distributed  holothurian  on  the  Peruvian  coast.  In  view  of  these 
facts  it  is  futile  to  discuss  the  origin  of  the  holothurian  fauna.  It  is 
only  necessary  to  add  that  the  nearest  relative  of  the  common  Phyllo- 
phorus  of  Peru  is  apparently  some  one  of  the  Australasian  species. 


1 


350  BULLETIN:    MUSEUM   OF  COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY. 

The  more  or  less  elongate  body  of  a  holothurian  terminates  anteriorly  in  a 
circle  of  tentacles  surrounding  the  mouth,  but  these  are  very  sensitive  and  highly 
contractile  organs  and  when  the  animal  is  alarmed  or  irritated,  they  are  withdrawn 
(or  folded)  into  the  anterior  end  of  the  body-cavity  and  the  body  appears  to 
terminate  in  a  blunt  point.  Preserved  holothurians  are  usually  in  this  condition 
unless  some  artificial  means  are  used  to  prevent  the  contraction.  The  tentacles 
differ  in  form  in  different  groups,  but  among  Peruvian  holothurians  they  are  either 
arborescent,  i.  e.  irregularly  branched  from  near  the  base,  or  peltate,  i.  e.  the 
branches  are  confined  to  the  tip,  where  they  form  a  more  or  less  flat  and  circular 
disk.  The  body  of  a  holothurian  is  more  or  less  soft  and  smooth,  but  carries, 
either  scattered  all  over  the  surface,  or  confined  to  five  longitudinal  areas  (the 
ambulacra),  little  outgrowths  or  projections  which  like  the  tentacles  are  highly 
contractile.  When  these  end  in  a  flat  sucking  disc,  they  are  called  pedicels  or 
tube-feet,  but  when  more  or  less  pointed,  they  are  papillae.  Papillae  are  often 
borne  on  large  conical  elevations  called  warts.  The  positive  identification  of 
holothurians  is  only  possible  when  the  internal  anatomy  and  the  calcareous 
particles  in  the  skin  (usually  microscopic)  are  carefully  examined. 

Key  to  the  Sea-Cucumbers  of  the  Peruvian  Coast. 

Tentacles  peltate. 
Body    with   large  warts   and  conical  papillae  on  the   back  and  sides 

Stichopus  fuscus 

Body  without  warts  but  covered  by  numerous  pedicels  .  .  Holothuria  c.hilensis 
Tentacles  arborescent. 

Tentacles  20,  or  sometimes  fewer,  either  equal  or  more  or  less  unequal 

in  size Phyllophorus  peruvicinm 

Tentacles  10. 

Pedicels  arranged  in  more  or  less  distinct  series  confined  to  the  ambu- 
lacra, at  least  on  the  ventral  surface. 
Pedicels    in   distinct  series   along    the  dorsal    ambulacra;    body 

elongated  as  usual  in  holothurians. 

Pedicels    relatively    few    in    two    series    along    each    ambu- 
lacrum  Cucumaria  leonina 

Pedicels   more  numerous,  in,  three  or  four  series   along  each 

ambulacrum Cucumaria  godeffroyi 

Pedicels  wanting  on  back,  but  papillae  present ;   body  with  ends 

upturned  and  thus  ascidian-shaped Colochirus  peruanus 

Pedicels  numerous,  irregularly  scattered  all  over  body     ....    Thyone  gibber 

Stichopus  fuscus. 
H.  Ludwig,  1874.    Arb.  Zool.-Zoot.  Inst.  Wurzburg,  2,  p.  21. 

This  species  has  been  recorded  from  San  Diego,  California  ;  Mazatlan,  Mexico  ; 
Machalilla,  Ecuador,  and  the  west  coast  of  Patagonia  (see  Ludwig,  1898a)  and 
therefore  doubtless  occurs  in  the  Chile-Peruvian  region.  It  reaches  a  length  of 


CLARK:  THE  ECHINODERMS  OF  PERU.  351 

several  hundred  millimeters  and  the  wart-like  papillae  of  the  back  may  be  5  mm. 
in  diameter  at  base  and  3-4  mm.  high.  The  color  in  life,  of  the  Ecuadorian 
specimen,  was  red. 

Holothuria  chilensis. 
C.  Semper,  1868.     Reisen  im  Arch.  d.  Phil.,  2  Th.,  1,  5  heft,  p.  249. 

Nothing  is  known  of  this  species  beyond  what  is  given  in  the  original  descrip- 
tion, which  was  based  on  a  specimen  in  the  Hamburg  Museum,  labeled  "  Chile," 
and  even  the  type  specimen  is  no  longer  extant.  As  the  genus  is  characteristic 
of  the  tropics  and  is  well  represented  in  the  Panamic  region,  it  probably  occurs 
on  the  coast  of  Peru,  and  if  the  type  of  chilensis  really  came  from  Chile,  that 
species  is  the  one  we  should  naturally  expect  to  find.  The  specimen  of  H.  vaga- 
bunda  in  the  Stockholm  Museum,  labeled  "Peru  "  (see  Theel,  1886),  is  doubtless 
from  "  Peru  "  in  the  Gilbert  Islands  and  not  from  South  America. 


Phyllophorus  peruvianue. 

Holothuria  (Mulleria,  Flemm.)  peruviana  R.  P.  Lesson,  1830.     Cen.  Zool.,  p.  124. 

Anaperus  peruanus  F.  Troschel,  1846.     Arch.  f.  Naturg.,  12,  Bd.  1,  p.  61. 

Pattalus  mollis  Selenka,  1868.     Zeit.  f.  w.  Zool.,  18,  p.  113. 

Thyonidium  peruanum  Semper,  1868.     Reisen  im  Arch.  d.  Phil.,  2  Th.,  1,  2  heft,  p.  67 

Thyonidium  molle  Semper,  1868.     Op.  cit.,  5  heft,  p.  243. 

Thyone  (Stolus)  chilensis  Semper,  1868.     Op.  cit.,  5  heft,  p.  241. 

Pattalus  peruvianus  Verrill,  1868.     Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  1,  p.  376. 

Eucyclus  duplicatus  Lampert,  1885.     Die  seewalzen,  p.  290. 

Phyllophorus  chilensis  Ludwig,  1887.     SB.  Akad.  Berlin,  No.  54,  p.  24. 

Phyllophorus  mollis  Ludwig,  1892.     Die  seewalzen,  p.  347. 

Plate  14,  figure  1. 

The  above  list  of  synonyms  is  by  no  means  complete,  but  is  sufficient  to  show 
how  frequently  this  holothurian  has  served  as  the  basis  for  a  new  name.  This  is 
due,  not  to  any  unusual  variability,  but  to  the  unequal  development  of  its  numer- 
ous tentacles  and  to  the  very  great  (and  usually  unequal)  contraction  they  undergo 
in  death.  Very  few  preserved  specimens  show  twenty  equally  large  and  symmet- 
rically arranged  tentacles;  typically  ten  tentacles  are  large  and  ten  small,  and 
commonly  in  such  specimens  the  small  tentacles  are  arranged  in  five  pairs 
alternating  more  or  less  perfectly  with  the  five  pairs  of  large  ones ;  in  some  speci- 
mens the  tentacles  appear  to  form  two  concentric  circles.  There  can  be  very  little 
doubt  that  the  names  given  above  all  refer  to  the  same  animal.  One  of  the  speci- 
mens before  me  is  almost  exactly  like  Lesson's  type  in  that  it  seems  to  have  but 
eight  tentacles  and  these  are  large  and  about  equal ;  dissection  shows,  however, 
the  remaining  tentacles  of  very  unequal  size,  strongly  contracted  and  withdrawn 
into  the  body.  Ludwig  (1898  b),  while  inclined  to  the  view  that  Lesson's  species 
is  identical  with  Seleuka's,  thinks  Troschel's  species  and  Semper's  Thyone  chilensis 
are  different.  He  bases  his  opinion  concerning  the  former  on  Troschel's  statement 


352  BULLETIN  :    MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY. 

that  anal  teeth  or  at  least  calcareous  anal  papillae  are  present,  whereas  in  P.  peru- 
vianus  there  is  no  trace  of  them.  In  view  of  the  individual  diversity  shown  by 
holothurians  in  the  amount  of  calcification  of  the  papillae  near  the  anus,  I  do  not 
think  this  objection  outweighs  TrosehePs  own  opinion  that  his  species  was  iden- 
tical with  Lesson's,  and  the  fact  that  his  having  many  specimens  indicates  that 
the  species  was  the  common  holotlmrian  of  Peru.  As  regards  chilensis,  Ludwig 
maintains  the  separation  of  Semper's  species  from  Seleuka's  on  the  strength  of 
differences  in  color,  calcareous  ring,  stone-canals  and  polian  vessels.  The  exami- 
nation of  the  specimens  in  the  Coker  collection  has  satisfied  me  that  these  differ- 
ences are  not  specific,  red  individuals  showing  the  characters  (in  their  internal 
anatomy)  which  ought  to  go  witli  green  color  and  vice  versa.  Ludwig  states  that 
Plate  regarded  these  supposed  species  as  varieties  which  he  designated  as  "  die 
rothe  "  and  "  die  grime  " ;  he  found  both  forms  under  rocks  at  Iquique  and  Ca- 
vancha  near  Iquique.  The  largest  specimen  was  200  mm.  long,  60  mm.  thick. 
Coker  found  this  species  at  La  Punta,  Callao,  and  north  of  there  at  the  Pescadores 
Islands,  Ancon,  and  in  the  Bay  of  Ferrol,  near  Chimbote.  The  known  range  is 
from  Payta,  Peru,  to  Talcahuauo,  Chile.  Of  the  specimens  in  the  Coker  collec- 
tion, those  from  La  Punta  are  olive-green,  those  from  Pescadores  Island  reddish 
purple,  one  from  Bay  of  Ferrol  bright  purplish  red,  and  those  from  "  beach  drift " 
at  Ancon  dull  black.  They  show  equal  diversity  in  the  structure  of  the  calcareous 
ring,  but  the  differences  do  not  correlate  with  either  color  or  locality.  It  seems 
to  me,  therefore,  that  we  have  in  Phyllophorus  peruvianus  a  well-characterized 
but  somewhat  variable  species,  the  diverse  forms  and  peculiarities  of  which  offer  a 
most  interesting  field  of  investigation  to  any  one  so  situated  that  fresh  material, 
especially  of  growth  stages,  is  available. 

Cucumaria  leonina. 

C.  Semper,  1868.    Reisen  im  Arch.  d.  Phil.,  2  Th.,  1,  2  heft,  p.  53. 

Ludwig  (1898  a)  has  given  a  full  synonymy  and  an  interesting  account  of  this 
species.  Although  Semper's  type  was  supposed  to  come  from  Singapore,  Ludwig 
thinks  the  locality  was  probably  wrongly  noted,  as  the  species  has  not  been  found 
in  the  East  Indian  region  since.  On  the  contrary,  it  \s  a  common  species  around 
the  southern  end  of  South  America,  extending  eastward  to  the  Falkland  Islands 
and  northward  on  the  western  coast  of  the  continent  to  the  southern  part  of  Peru. 
It  is  usually  30-40  mm.  long,  but  is  known  to  reach  a  length  of  70  mm.  The 
color  in  life  is  usually  rosy  red  or  clear  lake,  but  may  be  white  tinged  with  red, 
and  some  of  those  taken  by  Plate  at  Calbuco,  Chile,  are  recorded  as  "  im  Leben 
hell  gelb." 

Cucumaria  godeffroyi. 
C.  Semper,  1868.    Reisen  im  Arch.  d.  Phil.,  2  Th.,  1,  2  heft,  p.  53. 

This  species,  originally  discovered  at  Iquique,  is  now  known  to  range  south- 
ward, at  least  as  far  as  Calbuco,  and  will  probably  be  found  on  the  southern 


CLARK:   THE  ECHINODERMS  OF  PERU.  353 

coasts  of  Peru.  It  reaches  a  length  of  55  mm.,  and  in  life  is  sulphur-yellow  in 
color.  It  lives  among  mussel-shells  (Mytilus)  and  stones  in  shallow  water  along 
shore. 

Colochirus  peruanus. 
C.  Semper,  1868.     Reisen  im  Arch.  d.  Phil,  2  Th.,  1,  5  heft,  p.  239. 

As  this  species  has  not  been  met  with  since  it  was  described  by  Semper,  there 
is  nothing  further  to  be  recorded  of  it,  save  that  the  specimens  he  had  were  "yel- 
lowish," 15-18  mm.  long  and  6-7  mm.  in  diameter.  They  were  recorded  as  from 
Peru,  but  whether  it  was  Peru,  South  America,  or  Peru,  Gilbert  Islands,  remains 
to  be  shown. 

Thyone  gibber. 

Stolus  gibber  E.  Selenka,  1867.    Zeit.  f.  w.  Zool.,  17,  p.  356. 

Thyone  gibber  C.  Semper,  1868.     Reisen  im  Arch.  d.  Phil.,  2  Th.,  1,  2  heft,  p.  66. 

Plate  14,  figures  2-6. 

Seleuka's  description  is  very  brief  and  he  gives  no  figures,  so  that  a  detailed 
description  and  a  few  figures  are  desirable,  especially  as  the  species  does  not 
seem  to  have  been  met  with  since  it  was  described;  it  is  entirely  overlooked 
by  Lampert  (1885)  and  omitted  from  his  monograph.  The  following  are  the 
chief  characters :  — 

Tentacles  10,  of  which  the  two  ventral  are  very  small.  Pedicels  very  numer- 
ous, covering  all  parts  of  the  body.  Body  wall  firm  and  leathery.  Calcareous 
ring  well  developed  (fig.  2)  ;  radial  pieces  much  larger  than  interradial  and  with 
conspicuous  posterior  prolongations.  Polian  vessels  3,  of  which  one  is  very 
small.  Stone-canal  single,  in  the  dorsal  mesentery ;  madreporic  body  elongate, 
cylindrical,  truncate  at  end  and  somewhat  convolute  or  spirally  wound.  Repro- 
ductive organs  situated  posterior  to  the  middle  of  the  body,  consisting  of  a  tuft 
of  yellowish,  unbranched  tubules  on  each  side  of  the  mesentery.  Alimentary 
canal  and  respiratory-trees  apparently  not  peculiar.  Anus  without  calcareous 
teeth.  Calcareous  deposits  in  body  wall  abundant,  in  the  form  of  knobbed,  per- 
forated buttons  (figs.  3,  4)  about  .09  mm.  long  ;  while  there  is  more  or  less 
diversity  in  details  and  some  are  not  perfectly  formed,  most  of  the  buttons  have 
4  large  perforations,  10  knobs  on  the  margin  (on  each  surface)  and  2  conspicuous, 
elevated  knobs,  connected  by  a  thick  ridge,  in  the  middle  of  each  surface.  There 
seem  to  be  no  other  deposits  in  the  body  wall.  In  the  pedicels,  besides  terminal 
discs,  we  find  that  the  buttons  become  elongated  into  curved  supporting  rods 
(figs.  5,  6),  without  knobs  on  the  margin  but  flattened  and  perforated  at  the 
ends ;  the  knobs  at  the  middle  of  the  plate  disappear  on  the  concave  surface,  but 
remain  as  more  or  less  conspicuous  elevations  on  the  convex  side.  The  tentacles 
are  literally  packed  full  of  perforated  supporting  plates  and  rods ;  in  the  tips  of 
the  branches  these  are  small  and  comparable  with  those  in  the  pedicels,  but  in  the 
main  trunk  and  its  branches  they  are  much  larger  and  are  more  like  elongated 


354  BULLETIN:    MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY. 

perforated  plates ;  while  most  of  them  are  flat,  many  are  curved  and  the  resem- 
blance to  those  in  the  pedicels  is  occasionally  marked.  The  calcareous  particles 
impart  a  very  considerable  rigidity  to  both  body  wall  and  tentacles.  The  largest 
specimen  before  me  is  60  mm.  long  and  20  mm.  in  diameter,  the  smallest  is 
only  about  one-fifth  as  long.  All  the  specimens  agree  in  color,  though  the 
depth  of  the  shades  shows  considerable  diversity.  The  darkest  specimens  are 
nearly  or  quite  black,  except  for  the  ventral  surface  which  is  more  or  less  whitish, 
sometimes  in  very  marked  contrast.  In  lighter  specimens  the  dark  shade  is  brown 
or  gray  and  the  ventral  surface  is  yellowish  or  grayish.  In  only  a  few  specimens 
is  there  a  lack  of  sharp  contrast  between  the  upper  and  under  surfaces.  As  a 
rule,  the  anterior  part  of  the  lower  surface  is  colored  like  the  back  and  the  tenta- 
cles are  always  very  dark. 

It  is  a  matter  of  some  interest  that  Dr.  Coker  should  have  met  with  this  Pa- 
namic  species  in  Peruvian  waters ;  there  seems  to  be  no  good  reason  for  doubting 
that  his  specimens  are  identical  with  Selenka's  species.  He  took  two  specimens 
in  the  Bay  of  Sechura,  in  five  fathoms,  but  at  the  Lobos  de  Afuera  Islands  he 
found  this  Thyone  "  very  abundant."  They  were  "  collected  from  rocks  in  two 
feet  of  water  (at  half  tide),  near  '  muello '  of  Grace  &  Co.,  on  the  bay  called  '  Inde- 
pendencia '  (this  little  bay  to  be  distinguished  from  the  great  bay  of  '  Indepen- 
dencia'  on  the  coast,  south  of  Pisco)."  The  color  of  these  specimens  in  life  is 
noted  as  "black."  It  may  be  added  that  the  nearest  relative  of  this  species  ap- 
pears to  be  Thyone  buccalis  Stimpson  of  Australia.  «, 


CLARK  :    THE   ECHINODERMS   OF   PERU.  355 

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358  BULLETIN:    MUSEUM   OF   COMPARATIVE   ZOOLOGY. 

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on  the  Holothurioidea,  part  2.  290  pp.,  16  pis. 

F.  Troschel. 

1846.    Neue  holothurien-gattungen.     Arch.  f.  Naturg.,  12,  bd.  1,  p.  60-66. 

A.  Valenciennes. 

1846.  Voyage  autour  du  monde  sur  la  fregate  La  Venus  pendant  les 
annees  1836-39.  Atlas  4:  Zoophytes. 

A.  E.  Verrill. 

1867.  Notes  on  the  echinoderms  of  Panama  and  west  coast  of  America, 
with  descriptions  of  new  genera  and   species.     Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  1, 
p.  251-322. 

1868.  Notice  of  a  collection  of  echinoderms   from   La  Paz,  Lower  Cali- 
fornia,   with   descriptions   of  a  new  genus.     Trans.    Conn.   Acad.,   1, 
p.  371-376. 

1871.  Additional  observations  on  echinoderms,  chiefly  from  the  Pacific 
coast  of  America.  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  1,  p.  568-593. 

1899.  Revision  of  certain  families  and  genera  of  West  Indian  ophiurans. 
Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  10,  p.  301-371,  pis.  42  and  43. 

1901.  Additions  to  the  fauna  of  the  Bermudas.  Trans.  Conn.  Acad.,  11, 
p.  15-62. 


Clark.  —  The  Echinc .".    ms  of  Peru. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES. 


PLATE  1. 

Fig.  1.   Astropecten  erinaceus.     Capon,  Peru.     Upper  surface.     X  f . 
Fig.  2.   Luidia  Columbia.     Capon,  Peru.     Upper  surface.     X  H- 


Clark. — Echinoderms. 


Plate   i. 


Clark.  —  The  Echinoderms  of  Peru. 


PLATE    2. 

Fig.  1.  Luidia  phragma.     Talcahuano,  Chile.     Upper  surface.     X  f . 

Fig.  2.  Asterina  chilensis.     Bay  of  Sechura,  Peru.     Upper  surface.     X  f 

Fig.  3.  Asterina  chilensis.     Lobos  de  Afuera  Islands,  Peru.    Upper  surface. 

Fig.  4.  Odontaster  singularis.     Shoal  Bay,  Patagonia.     Upper  surface.     X  -, 

Fig.  5.  Henricia  hyadesi.     Eastern  Patagonia.     Upper  surface.     X  f . 


Clark. — Echinoderms. 


Plate  2. 


Clark.  —  The  Echinoderms  of  Peru. 


PLATE  3. 

Fig.  1.  Parasterina  obesa.  lalcahuano,  Chile.  Upper  surface.  X  f. 
Fig.  2.  Parasterina  obesa.  Talcahuano,  Chile.  Lower  surface.  X  |. 
Fig.  3.  Paulia  horricla.  Galapagos  Islands.  Upper  surface.  X  $• 


Clark. — Echinoderms. 


Plate  3. 


Clark.  —  The  Echinoderms  of  Peru. 


PLATE  4. 

Fig.  1.   Greasier  occidentalis.     Lower  California.     Upper  surface.     X 
Fig.  2.   Nidorellia  armata.     La  Paz,  Mexico.     Upper  surface,     X  £. 


Clark. — Echinoderms. 


Plate  4. 


Clark.  —  The  Echinoderms  of  Peru. 


PLATE   5. 

Fig.  1.   Phataria  unifascialis.     Acapulco,  Mexico  1     Lower  surface.     X 
Fig.  2.  Pharia  pyramidata.    Acapulco,  Mexico  1     Lower  surface.     X  i- 


Clark. — Echinoderms. 


Plate  5. 


Clark.  —  The  Echinoderms  of  Peru. 


PLATE  6. 

Fig.  1.   Mithrodia  bradleyi.     Arica,  Peru  ?     Upper  surface.     X  £• 
Fig.  2.  Asterias  gelatinosa.     Talcahuano,  Chile.    Upper  surface.     X  |. 


Clark. — Echinoderms. 


Plate  6, 


Clark.  —  The  Echinoderms  of  Peru. 


PLATE   7. 

Fig.  1.   Heliaster  polybrachius.     Payta,  Peru.     Upper  surface.     X  £. 

Fig.  2.   Heliaster  helianthus.     Pescadores  Islands,  Peru.     Upper  surface.     X  £. 


Clark.— Echinoderms. 


Plate  7. 


CUrk.  —  The  Echinoderms  of  Peru. 


PLATE  8. 

Fig.  1.   Stichaster  aurantiacus.     Caldera,  Chile.    Upper  surface.     X  £• 
Fig.  2.   Ophioderma  panamense.    Lower  California.    Upper  surface.     X  |- 


Clark. — Echinoderms. 


Plate  8. 


Clark.  —  The  Echinoderms  of  Peru. 


PLATE  9. 

Fig.  1.  Amphiodia  chtlensis.     Calbuco,  Chile.     Lower  surface.     X  1.3. 

Fig.  2.  Amphipholis  pugetana.     San  Lorenzo  Island,  Peru.     Upper  surface.     X  2.5. 

Fig.  3.  Ophiactis  kroyeri.     Talcahuano,  Cbile.     Upper  surface.     X  1.3. 

Fig.  4.  Ophiothrix  magnifica.     Payta,  Peru.     Upper  surface.     X  1.3. 


Clark. — Echinoderms. 


Plate  9. 


Clark.  —  The  Echinoderms  of  Peru. 


PLATE  10. 

Fig.  1.   Tetrapygus  niger.     Talcahuano,  Chile.     Upper  surface.     X  f . 

Fig.  2.   Arbacia  spatuligera.    San  Lorenzo  Island,  Peru.     Upper  surface.     X 


Clark. — Echinoderms. 


Plate   10. 


Clark.  —  The  Echiuoclerms  of  Peru. 


PLATE  11. 


Fig.  1.   Echinometra  van  brunti.     Mazatlan,  Mexico.     Upper  surface.    Nat,  size, 
Fig.  2.   Podophora  pedifera.     Fakarava,  Paumotus.     Side  view.     Nat.  size. 


Clark. — Echinoderms. 


Plate  ii 


Clark.  —  The  Echiuoderms  of  Peru. 


PLATE  12. 


Fig.  1.   Strongylocentrotus  albus.     Talcahuano,  Chile.     Upper  surface.    Nat.  size. 
Fig.  2.   Strongylocentrotus  gibbosus.    Payta,  Peru.    Upper  surface.    Nat.  size. 


Clark. — Echinoderms. 


Plate   12. 


Clark.  —  The  Echinoderms  of  Peru. 


PLATE  13. 

Fig.  1  Encope  micropora.    Bay  of  Sechura,  Peru.     Upper  surface.     X 

Fig.  2  Mellita  stokesii.    Tumbes,  Peru.     Upper  surface.     X  $. 

Fig.  3  Lovenia  cordiformis.     San  Diego,  Cal.    Upper  surface.     X  f . 

Fig.  4  Agassizia  scrobiculata.     Capon,  Peru.     Side  view.     X  f. 


Clark. — Echinoderms. 


Plate  13. 


t 


Clark.  —  The  Echinoderma  of  Peru. 


PLATE  14. 

Fig.  1.     Phyllophorus  peruvianus.     La  Punta,  Callao,  Peru.    Side  view.  Nat.  size. 
Fig.  2.   Part  of  calcareous  ring  of  Thyone  gibber.     Lobos  de  Af  uera  Islands, 

Peru.     X  5. 
Fig.  3.   Calcareous  "  button  "  from  body  wall  of  Thyone  gibber.    Lobos  de  Af  uera 

Islands,  Peru.     X  450. 

Fig.  4.  The  same  as  3,  but  seen  from  the  side.     X  450. 
Fig.  5.   Calcareous  supporting  rod  of  pedicel  of  same  Thyone.     X  450. 
Fig  6.  The  same  as  5,  but  seen  from  the  side.     X  450. 


it 

I 


The  following'  Publications  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology 
are  in  preparation  :- 

LOUIS  CABOT.    Immature  State  of  the  Odonata,  Part  IV. 
E.  L.  MARK.    Studies  on  Lepidosteus,  continued. 

"  On  Araclmactis. 

A.  AGASSIZ  -And  G.  O.  WHITMAN.     Pelagic  Fishes.     Part  II.,  with  14  Plates. 
A.  AGASSIZ  and  H.  L.  CLARK.     The  "  Albatross  "  Hawaiian  Echini. 
S.  GARMAN.     The  Plagiostomes. 

Reports  on  the  Results  of  Dredging  Operations  in  1877, 1878, 1879,  and  1880,  in  charge  of  ALEX- 
ANDER AGASSIZ,  by  the  U.  S.  Coast  Survey  Steamer  "  Blake,"  as  follows  :  — 

C.  HARTLAU B.     The  Comatulae  of  the  "  Blake,"  with  15  Plates. 

H.  LUDWIG.     The  Genus  Pentacrinus. 

A.  MILNE  EDWARDS  and  E.  L.  BOUVIER.    The  Crustacea  of  the  "Blake." 

A.  E.  VERRILL.     The  Alcyonaria  of  the  "  Blake." 

Reports  on  the  Results  of  the  Expedition  of  1891  of  the  U.  S.  Fish  Commission  Steamer 
"Albatross,"  Lieutenant  Commander  Z.  L.  TANNER,  U.  S.  N.,  Commanding,  in  charge  of 
ALEXANDEU  AGASSIZ,  as  follows:  — 


H.  B.  BIGELOW.     The  Siphonophores. 
K.   BRANDT.     The  Sagittae. 

The  Thalassicolae. 
O.  CARLGREN.     The  Actinarians. 
W.  R.  COE.     The  Nemerteans. 
REINHARI)    DOHRN.     The  Eyes  of  Deep- 

Sea  Crustacea. 
H.  J.  HANSEN.     The  Cirripeds. 

"  The  Schizopods. 

HAROLD   HEATH.     Solenogaster. 


W.  A.  HERDMAN.    The  Ascidians. 
S.  J.  H1CKSON.     The  Antipathids. 
E.  L.  MARK.     Branchioceria.sthns. 
JOHN  MURRAY.     The  Bottom  Specimens 
P.  SCH1EMENZ.     The  Pteropods  and 

ropods. 
THEO-  STUDER.     The  Alcyouarians. 

The  Salpidae  and  Doliolidae. 

H.  B.  WARD.    The  Sipunculids. 

W.  McM.  WOOD  WORTH.     The  Annelids. 


Reports  on  the  Scientific  Results  of  the  Expedition  to  the  Tropical  Pacific,  in  charge  of 
ALEXANDKK  AGASSIZ,  on  theU.  S.  Fish  Commission  Steamer  "Albatross,"  from  August, 
1899,  to  March,  1900,  Commander  Jefferson  F.  Moser,  U.  S.  N.,  Commanding,  as  follows :  — 
A.  AGASSIZ.    The  Echini.  G.  W.  MULLER.    The  Ostracods. 

MARY    J.    RATH  BUN.      The    Crustacea 

Decapoda. 
RICHARD    RATHBUN. 


H.  L.  CLARK.     The  Holothurians. 

The  Volcanic  Rocks. 

The  Coralliferous  Limestones. 

J.  M.  FLINT.    The  Foraminifera  and  Radi- 

olaria. 

S.  HENS  HAW.     The  Insects. 
W.  C  .  KENDALL  and  E.  L.  GOLDSBOR- 
OCTGH.     The  Fishes. 


The  Hydrocoral- 

lidae. 

G.  O.  SARS.    The  Copepods. 
L.  STEJNEGER.     The  Reptiles. 
C.  H.  TOWNSEND.      The  Mammals,  Birds, 

and  Fishes. 


R.  LENDENFELD.     The  Siliceous  Sponges.    T.  W.  VAUGHAN.     The  Corals,  Recent  and 


H.    LUDWIG. 

urans. 


The   Starfishes    and   Ophi-  Fossil. 


W.  McM.  WOODWORTH.    The  Annelids. 


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muoiis  irom  me  Zoological  Laboratory,  Professor  E.  L.  Mark,  Director, 
mtributions  from  the  Geological  Laboratorj-. 

These  publications  are  issued  in  numbers  at  irregular  intervals ; 
one  volume  of  the  Bulletin  (8vo)  and  half  a  volume  of  the  Memoirs 
(4to)  usually  appear  annually.  Each  number  of  the  Bulletin  and 
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